INTRODUCTION:  I began this bibliography in 1991.  Through the years it has grown at a steady pace, thanks to many contributors and the increase of electronic search engines and indexes.  In some past versions, I included publications and related resources linked on the World Wide Web.  This version includes primarily print materials. World Wide Web-linked publications, websites, and resources can be found on the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory website at http://vr.coe.ecu.edu/vrel.htm

A 1995 version of this bibliography resides on the FTP site at the Human Resources Interface Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle.
 http://www.hitl.washington.edu/scivw/scivw-ftp/citations/VR-ED.html

Print and electronic issues of VR in the Schools are available at the Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory website.  There is an index there to all issues.  Electronic issues are not included in this bibliography.  http://vr.coe.ecu.edu/pub.htm

Some of the materials in this bibliography are also available on the World Wide Web, either in abstract or full text form.  You may find them listed at the Other Virtual Reality and Education Publications website.  http://vr.coe.ecu.edu/other.htm   Note that the publications are listed there by title, not by author.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:  My thanks for their contributions, suggestions, and help with compilation and distribution of this bibliography go to many  people, especially to Larry Auld, Diane Kester, Tassos Mikropoulos, David Vinciguerra, and Toni Emerson, and to Nina Adams, David Ainge, Ivor Benjamin, Mike Bevan, John Bourne, Meredith Bricken, Elizabeth Briggs, Abbie Brown, Amy Bruckman, Grigore Burdea, Elizabeth Churchill, Margaret Corbit, John Costella, Jennifer Day, Bonnie DeVarco, Chris Dede, Ben Delaney, Tony Gaddis, Eben Gay, Jonathan Grove, John Hart, Linda Houseman, Bob Jacobson, Jeffrey Jacobson, Linda Jacobson, David Jones, Kees Kaldenbach, Hannes Kaufmann, Don Lampton, David Lecin, Carl Loeffler, R. Bowen Loftin, Hilary McLellan, Diego Montefusco, Mike Moshell, Jon Neill, Ken Nemire, P. Nick Pantelidis, David Passig, Joe Psotka, Reed Riner, Maria Roussou, Donald Sanders, Ralph Schroeder, Melissa Selverian, Greg Taylor, Macey Taylor, Gonzalo Velez Jahn, Linda Wagner, Karsten Wassermann, William Winn, and Mike Zeederberg.

COPYRIGHT:  This bibliography is copyrighted.  Please see copyright notice at the end of this document.

General
Collaborative Virtual Environments; Virtual Worlds
Disabilities - Education and Training
Medical Education and Training
Museum Education
Training With Virtual Reality
Military Training
Text-based Virtual Reality

General
 

Advanced Technologies Lead the Way to the Future of Educational Computing.  Syllabus  no. 25 (1992), p. 2-8. (Includes description of VR use in future ecology class.)

Application:  Eagles Nest Diving Trainer; Don't Forget to Decompress.  CyberEdge Journal  issue #20, vol. 4  no. 2 (March/April 1994), p. 18-19.  (Reports on Virtual S, 3D Studio program to teach divers about a cave system off the Florida coast.)

Chemistry World.  HIT  Lab Review  no. 4  (Autumn/Winter 1994), p. 12.  (HIT Lab Review subscription was available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)  (Study by Chris Byrne on virtual chemistry world to teach about atoms and molecules.)

Fantasy as an Educational Tool.  The Vocational Education Journal  vol. 69  no. 6  (September 1994), p. 38+.

Introducing Firsthand LLC.   HITLab Review  no. 7  (Spring/Summer 1996), p. 15.  (Content development and interface design company for VR and education/training.)

It's Virtually Educational:  Researcher Bill Winn Envisions VR as a Teaching Tool.  InformationWeek  (March 28, 1994), p. 36.

JASON Project Voyage VI: Island Earth.  Interface  vol. 4  no. 4  (Spring 1995), p. 7-8.  (Student exploration of Kilauea Volcano via telepresence.)

Learning Center Update.  Research at the Human Interface Technology Laboratory.  HIT Lab Review  no. 7 (Spring/Summer 1996), p. 14.  (Virtual Reality Roving Vehicle school program.)

Learning the Virtual Way.  [Comments of Dr. Veronica S. Pantelidis.]   Ed Tech  (Winter 2004), p. 41.

NECC '98:  National Educating Computing Conference Proceedings (19th, San Diego, CA, June 22-24, 1998).  (1998)  618p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED419491)  (Includes virtual reality.)

New Computer-Based Technologies as Instructional Tools.  Journal of the American Dietetic Association  vol. 94, no. 3  (March 1994), p. 286. (Includes virtual reality.)

Reliving the Past:  Archaeological Sites Brought to Life Through CAD and Virtual Reality.  T. H. E. Journal  (February 1999), p. 24, 26, 28.  (Learning Sites VR models)

Special Projects:  Education.  HIT Lab Review  no. 3  (Spring 1994), p. 6.  (HIT Lab Review subscription was available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA) (Reports on HIT Lab plan to establish Learning Center within Lab for VR related education research.)

SUNRISE Introduces Virtual Reality Education Software.  T. H. E. Journal  vol. 30, no. 7  (February 2003), p. 10.

The Next Best Thing to Being There:  An Exploration of Virtual Reality.   A S E E Prism [American Society for Engineering Education] vol. 1 (May 1992), p. 26-29.  (General VR.)

The VRRV Project.  HIT Lab Review  no. 5  (Spring/Summer 1995), p. 4-5.  (HIT Lab Review subscription was available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW  FJ-15, Seattle, Washington 98195.  (Reports on HIT Lab project to take VR to the schools. Cover and table of contents page (p. 3) show virtual wetlands flora and fauna from "Nitrogen World" created by Kellogg Middle School students.)

Vanderbilt University:  Creating Virtual Engineering Laboratories.  Syllabus  vol. 8  no. 2  (October 1994), p. 33-35.  (Describes virtual laboratory designed and developed by John R. Bourne and Arthur Brodersen for teaching engineering.)

Virtual Reality and Schools Project.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 1  (June 1995), p. 7-9.  (Description of project and reports by participating teachers Janet McLendon, Debi Hamill, Fred Bisel, and Rich Gallo. )

VRRV Rolls.  HIT Lab Review  no. 4  (Autumn/Winter 1994), p. 10-11.  (HIT Lab Review subscription was available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, Washington 98195)  (Virtual Reality Roving Vehicles program, using a van to take VR learning environments to schools.)

Ainge, David.  Grade-Six Students' Recall of Detail:  VR Compared With Photographs.   VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 4  (March 1996), p. 1-4.

Ainge, David.  Introducing Primary Students to VR With Virtus WalkThrough:  Two Pilot Studies.   VR in the Schools  vol. 2, no. 1  (June 1996), p. 10-15.

Ainge, David J.  Upper Primary Students Constructing and Exploring Three Dimensional Shapes:  A Comparison of Virtual Reality with Card Nets.  Journal of Educational Computing Research  vol. 14  no. 4 (1996), p. 345-369.

Ainge, David.  Virtual Reality in Australia.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 1 (June 1995), p. 3.  (Primary school and other school uses.)

Aldridge, Susan.  Reading, Writing, and Virtual Reality.  Omni  vol. 15  no. 10  (August 1993), p. 32.  (VR project at West Denton High School in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.)

Allen, Brockenbrough S.  Virtualities.  Educational Media and Technology Yearbook  vol. 17  (1991), p. 47-53.  (General, includes visual literacy.)

Anderson, Alun.  Video-Tunneling to School.  Science  vol. 253  no. 5024  (September 6, 1991), p. 1090.  (Open University system to allow telecourse students to simultaneously work and interact face to face and side by side in a virtual world.)

Andolsek, Diane L.  Virtual Reality in Education and Training.  International Journal of Instructional Media  vol. 22  no. 2  (1995), p.145-55 .

Auld, Lawrence W. S.  Differences Between 3D Computing and Virtual Reality.   VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 17.

Auld, Lawrence W. S., and Pantelidis, Veronica S.   Exploring Virtual Reality for Classroom Use; The Virtual Reality and Education Lab at East Carolina University.   Tech Trends  vol. 39  no. 1  (January/February 1994), p. 29-31.  (Information about the Lab; includes VR software evaluation guide.)

Auld, Lawrence, and Pantelidis, Veronica S.  Virtual Reality:  The Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory at East Carolina University.  T. H. E. Journal  vol. 27  no. 4  (November 1999),  p. 48-55.   Also available online at http://www.thejournal.com

Avis, N.; Macredie, R.; and Willis, D.  The Teaching of Virtual Reality in the United Kingdom.  In  Proceedings of the 1st UK VR-SIG Conference, Nottingham, UK.   UK:  United Kingdom Virtual Reality Special Interest Group, 1994.  Proceedings available at Internet home page:  http://pipkin.lut.ac.uk/WWWdocs/LUTCHI/people/sean/ vr-sig / Proceedings.html

Baer, Tony.  Viewing Jason's Voyages to the Bottom of the Sea.  Mechanical Engineering  vol. 111 no. 11 (November 1989), p. 36-42.  (Grades 4-12, telepresence.)

Bailey, J. H., and Witmer, B. G.  Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Environment.  In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 38th Annual Meeting, p. 1158-1162.  Santa Monica, California:  Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1994.

Ballard, Robert D.  The JASON Project: Hi-Tech Exploration Promotes Students' Interest in Science.   T. H. E. Journal vol. 20 no. 4  (October 1992), p. 70-74.  (Grades 4-12, telepresence.)

Barab, Sasha A.; Hay, Kenneth E.; Squire, Kurt; Barnett, Michael; Schmidt, Rae; Karrigan, Kristen; Yamagata-Lynch, Lisa; and  Johnson, Christine.  Virtual Solar System Project: Learning through a Technology-Rich, Inquiry-Based, Participatory Learning Environment.  Journal of Science Education and Technology  vol. 9  no. 1 (March 2000), p. 7-25.

Barnett, M.; Keating, T.; Barab, S.; and Hay, K.  Conceptual Change through Building Three-Dimensional Virtual Models.  In B. Fishman and S. O'Connor-Divelbliss, eds.,  International Conference of the Learning Societies 2000:  Facing the Challenges of Complex Real-World Settings, p. 134-141.  Ann Arbor, MI:  University of Michigan, 2000.

Bell, John T., and Fogler, H. Scott.  Vicher:  A Virtual Reality Based Educational Module for Chemical Reaction Engineering.  Computer Applications in Engineering Education  vol. 4  no. 4  (1996), p. 285-96.

Bell, John T., and Fogler, H. Scott.  Recent Developments in Virtual Reality Based Education.  In Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Washington, D. C., June 1996.

Bell, John T., and Fogler, H. Scott.  Ten Steps to Developing Virtual Reality Applications for Engineering Education.  In Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 1997.

Bell, John T., and Fogler, H. Scott.  The Application of Virtual Reality to Chemical Engineering Education.  In Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Simulation in Engineering Education (ICSEE '97), January 12-15, 1997, Simulation Series 29 (2), Society for Computer Simulation, San Diego.  Also available at http://www.cs.uic.edu/~jbell/Professional/Papers/scspapr1.pdf  

Bell, John T., and Fogler, H. Scott.  The Investigation and Application of Virtual Reality as an Educational Tool.  In Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Anaheim, California, June 1995.

Bell, John T., and Fogler, H. Scott.  Undergraduate Research Experiences Developing Virtual Reality Based Educational Modules.  In Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 1997.

Bell, John T., and H. Scott Fogler.  Virtual Reality in Chemical Engineering Education.  Proceedings of the 1995 Illinois / Indiana ASEE Sectional Conference, March 16-18, 1995, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.  Also available at  http://fre.www.ecn.purdue.edu/fre/asee/sect95/2A/2A3.html

Bellan, Jennifer Marie, and Scheurman, Geoffrey.  Actual and Virtual Reality:  Making the Most of Field Trips.  Social Education  vol. 62 no. 1  (January 1998),  p. 35-40.

Bennett, Robert P.  Rethinking Tools That Teach Thinking.  Virtual Reality Special Report  vol. 3  no. 1  (January/February 1996), p. 11-12.

Benno, Mark.  Virtual Reality.  Gifted Child Today Magazine  vol. 21  no. 1 (January/February 1998), p. 12-14.

Bergeron, Bryan, and Obeid, Jihad.  Temporal Issues in the Design of Virtual Learning Environments.  Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia  vol. 4  no. 2-3  (1995), p. 127-45.

Bevan, Mike, ed.  Proceedings:  VRET '97; Virtual Reality in Education and Training 1997, International Conference & Exhibition, Loughborough University (UK), June 24-26, 1997.  London:  VR News, 1997.  (See Other Virtual Reality and Education Publications, http://vr.coe.ecu.edu/other.htm  on Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory website http://vr.coe.ecu.edu/vrel.htmfor summaries of conference and papers.)

Bletter, Nathaniel.  The Virtues and Vices of Virtual Real.ity.   Design Quarterly   no. 159  (Spring 1993), p. 38-44.  (Includes education.)

Blum, Kathleen.  Improvising in Cyberspace:  Virtual Reality and Drama in Education.   Youth Theatre Journal   vol. 8  no. 4  (1994), p. 27-31.   (Drama education.)

Bobick, Aaron F.; Intille, Stephen S.; Davis, James W.; Baird, Freedom; Pinhanez, Claudio S.; Campbell, Lee W.; Ivanov, Yuri A.; Schutte, Arjan; and Wilson, Andrew.  The KidsRoom:  A Perceptually-Based Interactive and Immersive Story Environment.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 8  no. 4  (August 1999), p. 369-393.

Bossert, Philip J.  Horseless Classrooms and Virtual Learning:  Reshaping Our Environments.  NASSP Bulletin  vol. 81  no. 592  (November 1997), p. 3-15.

Bowman, Doug A.; Hodges, Larry F.; Allison, Don; and Wineman, Jean.  The Educational Value of an Information-Rich Virtual Environment.    Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 8  no. 3  (June 1999), 317-331.  [MIT Press journal]

Brelsford, J. W.  Physics Education in a Virtual Environment.  In Proceedings of The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting, Designing for Diversity, vol. 2, p. 1286-1290. Santa Monica, California:  Human Factors Society, 1993.

Bricken, Meredith.  A Description of the Virtual Reality Learning Environment.  HIT Lab Technical Report M-90-4. Seattle, Washington: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, no date.  (General.)

Bricken, Meredith.  Complexity, Ambiguity and Learning in FiberSpace (abstract).  The Second Conference on Cyberspace, Collected Abstracts, Santa Cruz, April 19-20, 1991, p. 22-23.  (Discusses FiberSpace, a multi-participant system being developed by the HIT Lab, and how it might impact schools, educational technology, and learning.)

Bricken, Meredith.  Extended Abstract: Complexity, Ambiguity, and Learning in FiberSpace.  HIT Lab Technical Report M-90-7. Seattle, Washington: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1990.  (Discusses FiberSpace, a multi-participant system being developed by the HIT Lab, and how it might impact schools, educational technology, and learning.)

Bricken, Meredith S.  Virtual Reality Learning Environments:  Potentials and Challenges.  HIT Lab Technical Report P-91-5. Seattle, Washington: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1991. (General, includes links to learning theory, aspects of the technology.)

Bricken, Meredith S.  Virtual Reality Learning Environments:  Potentials and Challenges.  Computer Graphics Magazine  vol. 25  no. 3  (July 1991), p. 178-184.  (General, includes links to learning theory, aspects of the technology.)

Bricken, Meredith S., and Byrne, Chris M.  Students in Virtual Reality:  A Pilot Study.  In Alan Wexelblat, ed., Virtual Reality:  Applications and Explorations, p. 199-217.  San Diego, California:  Academic Press, 1993.  (Research on response to VR technology and virtual worldbuilding by students ages 10-15.)

Bricken, Meredith S, and Byrne, Chris M.  Summer Students in Virtual Reality:  A Pilot Study on Educational Applications of VR Technology.  HIT Lab Technical Report R-92-1.  Seattle, WA, USA: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1992.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 358 853)  (Research on response to VR technology and virtual worldbuilding by students ages 10-15.)

Bricken, William.  Learning in Virtual Reality.  HIT Lab Technical Report M-90-5.  Seattle, Washington:  Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1990.  8 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 359950)

Bricken, William.  Researchers Test Virtual Reality in the Classroom.  The Chronicle of Higher Education  (April 22, 1992), A24.

Bricken, William.  Spatial Representation of Elementary Algebra.  In Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, p. 56-62.  Los Alamitos, California:  IEEE Computer Society Press, 1992.  (Algebra.)

Brill, Louis M.  The Imperial Message:  Virtual Reality Joins Classic Literature to Present "The Art of Moral Dilemma." Virtual Reality Special Report, A Miller Freeman Publication.  (January/February 1996), p. 33-36.

Brown, Abbie.  Simulated Classrooms and Artificial Students:  The Potential Effects of New Technologies on Teacher Education.  Journal of Research on Computing in Education  vol. 32 no. 2  (Winter 1999), p.  307-318.

Brown, D. J.; Cobb, S. V.; Eastgate, R. M.; Gibson, I.; and Smith, P. A.  Research Applications of Virtual Reality.  Interactive Learning International  vol. 8  no. 2  (April 1992), p. 161-163.  (Includes training children with learning difficulties.)

Burd, S.  Into a Computer Landscape:  Carnegie Mellon Researcher Invites You on a Trip to "Virtual Reality."  The Chronicle of Higher Education  (September 14, 1994), p. A48.

Burdea, Grigore C.  Teaching Virtual Reality:  Why and How?  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 13  no. 4  (August 2004), p. 463-483.
(Includes Detailed Survey of VR Courses Taught at Universities Worldwide.)

Byrne, Chris.  Students Explore VR Technology.  HIT Lab Review no. 1 (Winter 1992), p. 6-7.  (HIT Lab Review subscription was available from HIT Lab, Attn: Review UW FJ-15, Seattle, WA 98195, USA) (Pacific Science Center - HITL joint program on virtual reality for summer camp students, ages 9-15.)

Byrne, Chris.  Virtual Reality and Education.  Report No. R-93-2.  Seattle, Washington:  Human Interface Technology Laboratory, 1993.

Byrne, Chris.  Water on Tap:  The Use of Virtual Reality as an Educational Tool.  Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA (1996).

Byrne, C., and Furness, T., III.  Virtual Reality and Education.  In J. Wright and D. Benzie, eds., Proceedings of the IFIP W63.5 International Working Conference on Exploring a New Partnership:  Children, Teachers and  Technology. (A-58)  Amsterdam:  Elsevier, North-Holland, 1994.

Bystrom, Karl-Erik, and Barfield, Woodrow.  Collaborative Task Performance for Learning Using a Virtual Environment.  Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 8  no. 4  (August 1999), p. 435-448.  [MIT Press journal]

Carey, Bruce.  Ideas From New Zealand.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 4  (March 1996), p. 16-18.

Chambers, Jack A., ed.  Selected Papers from the National Conference on College Teaching and Learning (4th, Jacksonville, Florida, April 14-17, 1993).  (1993)  187 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.  ED401864)  (Includes "What Is the Reality of Virtual Reality?" (Cynthia A. Elliott) )

Chee, Y.  M.   Virtual Reality in Education:  Rooting Learning in Experience. Invited talk.   In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Virtual Education, Busan, South Korea, 2001,  p. 43-54.

Chen, C. J., and Toh, S. C.   A Feasible Instructional Development Model for Virtual Reality (VR)-Based Learning Environments:  Its Efficacy in the Novice Car Driver Instruction of Malaysia.  Educational Technology Research & Development  vol. 53 no. 1 (2005), p. 111-123.

Chen, C. J., and Teh, C. S.  An Affordable Virtual Reality Technology for Constructivist Learning Environments.   Proceedings of the 4th Global Chinese Conference on Computers in Education, p. 414-421.  Singapore, 2000.

Chen, C. J.;  Toh, S. C.; and Wan, M. F.   The Theoretical Framework for Designing Desktop Virtual Reality-Based Learning Environments.  Journal of Interactive Learning Research  vol. 15 no. 2  (2004), p. 147-167.

Chen, C. J.; Toh, S. C.; and Wan, M. F.   Virtual Reality:  A Potential Technology for Providing Novel Perspective to Novice Driver Education in Malaysia.  In N. Ansari et al., eds.  Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology:  Research and Education, p. 184-188.  New Jersey:  IEEE, 2003.

Chen, Chwen Jen.  The Design, Development, and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Based Learning Environment.   Australasian Journal of Educational Technology vol. 22  no. 1 (2006), p. 39-63.

Chiou, Guey-Fa.  Learning Rationales and Virtual Reality Technology in Education.  Journal of Educational Technology Systems  vol. 23  no. 4  (1995), p. 327-36.

Chou, Chien; Hsu, Hsieh-Lung; and Yao, Yu-Seng.  Construction of a Virtual Reality Learning Environment for Teaching Structural Analysis.  Computer Applications in Engineering Education  vol. 5  no. 4  (1997), p. 223-30.

Chuan, Jen-chung.  The Joy of Creating Virtual Mathematical Sculptures.  (1999)  12 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED440878)  (Turning symbols into mathematical sculpture with Maple V.   Maple codes are at:  http://poncelet.math.nthu.edu.tw/chuan/exp99/14/cone2.mws )

Clower, Kathleen; Basse, Mark; and Florida Community College at Jacksonville.   Teaching, Learning & Technology. Part 4. Virtual Reality.  (Teresa Middleton, Randal Walser, and David Warner.) Taped off-air November 11, 1993.  Videocassette, about 60 minutes, Color, 1/2 inch.

Cobb, Sue; Neale, Helen; Crosier, Joanna; and Wilson, John R.  Development and Evaluation of Virtual Environments for Education.  In Kay M. Stanney, ed.  Handbook of Virtual Environments; Design, Implementation, and Applications, p. 911-936.  Mahwah, NJ & London:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2002.

Cole, George. Virtual Explorers.  Times Educational Supplement no. 4041, (December 10, 1993), p. 35.  (General.)

Cornell, Richard.  Virtual Reality Examined...How Virtuous is the Reality?  Educational Media International  vol. 31  no. 4  (December 1994), p. 211, 213.  (Introduction to journal issue devoted to VR in education.)

Cornell, Richard and Bailey, Dan.  Virtual Reality:  A Dream Come True or a Nightmare.  In Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the 1996 National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (18th, Indianapolis, IN, 1996).  (1996) 7 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED397786)  (Design and development issues.)

Cornell, Richard; Bailey, Dan; and Bollet, Robert.  Virtual Reality; Therapeutic Tool or Time Bomb?  Educational Media International  vol. 31  no. 4  (December 1994), p. 247-249.  (Psychological implications.)

Costella, John P.  Virtual Reality at the University of Melbourne, Australia.   VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 11.

Coughlan, Sean. Wherefore Art Thou, Super Romeo? Times  Educational Supplement no. 4052  (February 25, 1994), p. SS17A.  (Globe Theatre's education room will feature VR display that transports visitors back to the Globe of Shakespeare's day, developed by Sun Microsystems.)

Cromby, John; Standen, Penny; and Brown, David.  Using Virtual Environments in Special Education.   VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 1-4.

Davidson, Clive.  Pupils Put Virtual Reality to the Test. (Dimension International's Desktop VR System) (West Denton High School Alpha Tests a Virtual Reality Project).  Computer Weekly  vol. 42  (April 30, 1992).

De Paepe, T. G.; Vervenne, D.; amd Vamdamme, F.  The Virtual Classroom; Preliminary Outlines.  CC-AI; The Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science and Applied Epistemology  vol. 14  no. 1  (1997), p. 15-28.

Dede, Chris.  Artificial Realities, Virtual Communities, and Intelligent Artifacts:  Implications for Engineering Education.   In J. R. Bourne, A. Broderson, and  M. Dawant, eds.   The Influence of Technology on Engineering Education,  p. 36-65.  Boca Raton, FL:  CRC Press, 1995.

Dede, Chris.  Distributed Learning: How New Technologies Promise a Richer Educational Experience.  Connection:  New England's  Journal of Higher Education and Economic Development  vol. 12  no. 2  (Summer 1997), p. 12-16.

Dede, Chris.  The Evolution of Constructivist Learning Environments:  Immersion in Distributed, Virtual Worlds.  Educational Technology  vol. 35  no. 5  (September/October 1995), p. 46-52 .

Dede, Chris.  Virtual Reality in Education:  Promise and Reality.  Panel statement.  IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, p. 208.  1998.

Dede, Chris. Visualizing Cognition:  Depicting Mental Models in Cyberspace  (abstract).  In Collected Abstracts from the First Conference on Cyberspace, Austin, May 4-5, 1990, p. 20-21.  Austin, Texas:  School of Architecture, the University of Texas at Austin.  (Design of a computational tool to visually depict categories and interrelationships underlying technical subject matter.)

Dede, Christopher.  Evolving from Multimedia to Virtual Reality.  In Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 1994: Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 93-World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, p. 123-130.   Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 1993.

Dede, Christopher J.  The Future of Multimedia: Bridging to Virtual Worlds.  Educational Technology  vol. 32  no. 5  (May 1992), p. 54-60.  (Visualization and virtual communities.)

Dede, Chris; Loftin, R. Bowen; and Salzman, Marilyn.  The Potential of Virtual Reality Technology to Improve Science Education. Paper presented at the Conference on New Media for Global Communication from an East West Perspective, Moscow, Russia, September 15, 1994. (Science education.)

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn C.; and Loftin, R. Bowen.  Learning Science through Immersive Virtual Realities.  In Proceedings of the 1996 IMAGE Conference, p. 127-131.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn; and Loftin, R. B.  MaxwellWorld:  Learning Complex Scientific Concepts via Immersion in Virtual Reality.  In Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Learning Sciences, 1996, p. 22-29.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn C.; and Loftin, R. Bowen.  ScienceSpace:  Research on Using Virtual Reality to Improve Science Education.  In P. Carlson and F. Makedon, eds., Proceedings of the 1996 ED-MEDIA Conference, p. 172-177.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn C.; and Loftin, R. Bowen.  ScienceSpace:  Virtual Realities for Learning Complex and Abstract Scientific Concepts.  In Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, p. 246-252.  Los Alamitos, CA:  IEEE Computer Society Press, 1996.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn; and Loftin, R. Bowen.  The Development of a Virtual World for Learning Newtonian Mechanics.  In P. Brusilovksy, P. Kommers, and N. Streitz, eds. Multimedia, Hypermedia, and Virtual Reality:  Models, Systems, and Applications, p. 87-106.  Berlin:  Springer-Verlag, 1996.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn; Loftin, R. B.; and Ash, K.  The Design of Immersive Virtual Environments:  Fostering Deep Understanding of Complex Scientific Knowledge.  In J. J. Jacobson and R.B. Kozma, eds.,  Innovations in Science and Mathematics Education:  Advanced Designs for Technologies of Learning, p. 361-413.  Mahway, New Jersey:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn; Loftin, R. Bowen; and Ash. K.  Using VR's Frames of Reference in Mastering Abstract Information.  In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Learning Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, December 16-19, 1998.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn C.; Loftin, R. Bowen; and Sprague, Debra.  Multisensory Immersion as a Modeling Environment for Learning Complex Scientific Concepts.  In Wallace Feurzeig and Nancy Roberts, eds.,  Modeling and Simulation in Precollege Science and Mathematics, p. 282-319.  New York:  Springer-Verlag, 1999.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn; Calhoun, Craig; Loftin, R. Bowen; Hoblit, Jeff; and Regian, J. Wesley. The Design of Artificial Realities to Improve Learning Newtonian Mechanics.  In Proceedings of the 1994 East-West International Conference on Multimedia, Hypermedia, and Virtual Reality, 1994.

Dede, Chris; Salzman, Marilyn; Loftin, R. Bowen; and Ash, K.  Using Virtual Reality Technology to Convey Abstract Scientific Concepts.  In M. J. Jacobson and R. B. Kozma, eds.,  Learning the Sciences of the 21st Century:  Research, Design, and Implementing Advanced Technology Learning Environments.  Hillsdale, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000.

De Los Santos Vidal, Oriol, and Iskander, Magdy F.  Multimedia Modules for Electromagnetics Education.  Computer Applications in Engineering Education  vol. 5  no. 4  (1997), p. 257-67.   (Includes virtual labs.)

DeLoughry, Thomas J.  For the Community of Scholars, 'Being Connected' Takes On a Whole New Meaning.  The Chronicle of Higher Education  vol. 41, no. 10 (November 2, 1994), p. A25-A26. (Mentions VR work of Veronica Pantelidis. Cover of this issue is a photograph of Pantelidis with 3D glasses.)

de Lurdes A S Morais, and Camacho, Maria.  Virtual Reality, a New Tool for a New Educational Paradigm.  Educational Media International  vol. 35 no. 4  (December 1998), p. 266-71.

Dennen, Vanessa Paz; Branch, Robert C.  Considerations for Designing Instructional Virtual Environments.  In Eyes on the Future: Converging Images, Ideas, and Instruction.  Selected Readings from the Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (27th, Chicago, IL, October 18-22, 1995).  (1995)  11 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED391489)

Diaz, Derek D., and Sims, Valerie K.  Augmenting Virtual Environments:  The Influence of Spatial Ability on Learning from Integrated Displays.  High Ability Studies  vol. 14 no. 2  (December 2003), p. 191-212.

Dietzel, Richard; Bird, Mary; Kohler, Ann; and Olmstead, Phyllis.  Adding Virtual Technology to the Curriculum - A Fictional Example.  Educational Media International  vol. 31 no. 4  (December 1994), p. 238-241.  (Describes course on VR.)

D'Ignazio, Fred, ed.   Distance Is a State of Mind:  Virtual Reality on a Shoestring.  Computing Teacher  vol. 22 no. 5  (February 1995), p. 56-58.

Diplas, Costas N., and Pintelas, Panayotis E.  Design of Interactivity in Virtual Reality Applications with Emphasis on Educational Software Using Formal Interaction Specification.   Education and Information Technologies  vol. 5, no. 4  (December 2000), p. 291-304.

Dowling, Carolyn.  Simulations:  New "Worlds" for Learning?  Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia  vol. 6  no. 3-4  (1997), p. 321-37.  (Includes virtual reality.)

Dunning, Jeremy.  Virtual Reality--Learning by Immersion.  TECHNOS  vol. 7  no. 2  (Summer 1998), p. 11-13.

Durlach, Nat.  The Potential of Teleoperation for Entertainment and Education.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 6  no. 3  (June 1997), 350-351.  [MIT Press journal]

Dykman, Ann.  Fantasy as an Educational Tool.  Vocational Education Journal  vol. 69  no. 6  (September 1994), p. 38-39.  (General.)

Evans, Alan D.  Experiencing a Real Exam in a Virtual World.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 16.

Emerson, Toni, and Revere, D.  Virtual Reality in Training and Education:  Resource Guide to Citations and Online Information.  HITL Technical Publications, B-94-1.   Seattle, WA:  Human Interface and Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1997.

Falby, J. S.; Zyda, M. J.; Pratt, D. R.; and Wilson, K. P.  Educational and Technological Foundations for the Construction of a 3D Virtual World.  In Sandra Helsel, ed.,  Proceedings of Virtual Reality '92, VR Becomes a Business, p. 190-208.  Westport, Connecticut:  Meckler Publishing, 1992.

Faulkner, D. J., and McCluskey, J. J.  Beginner's Special Feature:  Virtual Reality in the Classroom.  HyperNEXUS Journal  vol. 4  no. 2  (1994), p. 10-12.

Ferrington, Gary, and Loge, Kenneth.  Virtual Reality: A New Learning Environment.  The Computing Teacher  vol. 19  no. 7  (April 1992), p. 16-19.

Fialho, Francisco Antonio Pereira, and Catapan, Araci Hack.  Knowledge Building by Full Integration with Virtual Reality Environments and Its Effects on Personal and Social Life.  Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society  vol. 19  no. 3  (June 1999), p. 237-43.

Follows, Scott B.  Virtual Learning Environments.  T. H. E. Journal  vol. 27 no. 4  (November 1999), p. 100,102,104,106 .  (Describes business education simulation of a company workplace.)

Foreman, Nigel; Stanton-Fraser, Danae; Wilson, Paul N.; Duffy, Hester; and Parnell, Richard.  Transfer of Spatial Knowledge to a Two-Level Shopping Mall in Older People, Following Virtual Exploration.  Environment & Behavior  vol. 37 no. 2  (March 2005), p. 275-292.

Fox, G. C; Furmans, K. W.; Nilan, M. S.; and Small, R. V.  Assessing Virtual Reality for Education.  Assessment Task.  Syracuse, New York: NPAC, Syracuse University, January 1, 1994.

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Franchi, Jorge.  Virtual Reality:  An Overview.   TechTrends  vol. 39  no. 1  (January-February 1994), p. 23-26.

Freeman, Olivia A. M.  Virtual Reality in Education:  The Emerging Innovative Technology for Delivery of Public and Home Based Instructional Materials.  Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems  vol. 11 no. 4  (Fall 1997), p.19-26.

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Gabrielli, Silvia; Rogers, Yvonne; and Scaife, Mike.  Young Children's Spatial Representations Developed through Exploration of a Desktop Virtual Reality Scene.  Education and Information Technologies  vol. 5, no. 4  (December 2000), p. 251-262.

Gaddis, Tony.  Haywood Community College's VR Lab Grows. VR in the Schools  vol. 1 no. 3  (December 1995), p. 16.

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Gaddis, Tony.  Using Virtual Reality To Bring Your Instruction to Life.  Paper presented at the League for Innovation Conference on Information Technology (Atlanta, GA, Oct. 12-15, 1997).  (1997)  25 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED413961)

Gaddis, Tony.  Virtual Reality Taught at Haywood Community College.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1 no. 2  (September 1995), p. 10.

Garner, Patrick H.  Taking Forensics into the Community:  Prospects for the Future.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association (77th, Atlanta, GA, October 31-November 3, 1991).  (1991)  8 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED341104)  (Discusses virtual reality.)

Gay, Eben.  Is Virtual Reality a Good Teaching Tool?  Virtual Reality Special Report  vol. 1 no. 4  (Winter 1994), p. 51-60.  (Cell biology project at The Computer Museum, Boston, Massachusetts. )

Gay, Eben.  Virtual Cell Biology.  In SIGGRAPH '94:  Visual Proceedings. Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series,  p. 166-167.  New York, NY:  ACM SIGGRAPH, 1994.

Gay, Eben. Virtual Reality at the Natrona County School System:  Building Virtual Worlds on a School Budget.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 2  no. 6 (November/December 1994), p. 44-47.  (4th, 5th, and 6th grades and high school uses.)

Gay, Eben. VR Sparks Education.  PIX-Elation  no. 10 (1994), p. 14-17. (PIX-Elation was the journal of the Virtual Reality Alliance of Students and Professionals, P. O. Box 4139, Highland Park, New Jersey 08904-4139, USA.)  (Describes Cell Biology Virtual World project at The Computer Museum, Boston, Massachusetts.)

Geake, Elisabeth.  Computer Games Make Learning Virtually Irresistible.  New Scientist vol. 134  no. 1816  (April 11, 1992), p. 19.  (Includes school applications.)

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Goins, L. Keith.  Virtual Reality in the Marketing Classroom.  In Ivan Wallace, ed., Partnerships for Workforce Development in Business and Marketing Education. Annual Atlantic Coast Business & Marketing Education Conference Proceedings (14th, Greenville, North Carolina, February 21-22, 1997). Vol. 8  (1997).  (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED406525)

Grove, Jonathan.  Virtual History:  An Outline of Work Being Undertaken at Sheffield Hallam University.  Journal of History and Computing  vol. 8  no. 1  (1996), p. 38-44.

Grove, Jonathan.  VR and History - Some Findings and Thoughts. VR in the Schools  vol. 2  no. 1  (June 1996), p. 3-9.

Grove, Jonathan.  VR in the United Kingdom:  A Greek History VR Project.   VR in the Schools vol. 1  no. 2  (September 1995), p. 5.

Grove, Jonathan; Williams, N.; and Hartley, P.  Can VR Work in the Classroom.  In  Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference of Technology and Education.  (1996)

Guernsey, Lisa.  College "MOOs" Foster Creativity and Collaboration Among Users.   The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 9, 1996), A24-A25.

Haines-Stiles, Geoff.  Live from Other Worlds: A Pilot Electronic Field Trip.  The Planetary Report  vol. 14  no. 6 (November/December 1994, p. 14. (The Planetary Report is a publication of The Planetary Society, 65 North Catalina Avenue, Pasadena, California 91106-2301.)  Describes student telepresence activities in television programs, Live From Other Worlds and Live From Antarctica, linking students with NASA scientists in Antarctica.)

Hedberg, John, and Alexander, Shirley.  Virtual Reality in Education:  Defining Researchable Issues.  Educational Media International vol. 31 no. 4  (December 1994), p. 214-220.  (General research areas.)

Heeter, C.  Comparing Child and Adult Reactions to Educational VR.  Paper presented at the Meckler Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California,  May 13, 1994.

Hegarty, Mary; Montello, Daniel R.; Richardson, Anthony E.; Ishikawa, Toru; and Lovelace, Kristin.  Spatial Abilities at Different Scales:  Individual Differences in Aptitude-Test Performance and Spatial-Layout Learning.  Intelligence  vol. 34 no 2  (March 2006), p. 151-176.

Heim, Michael.  Creating the Virtual Middle Ground.  TECHNOS  vol. 7  no. 3  (Fall 1998), p. 15-17.  (Art Center College of Design, California, student attitudes and reactions.)

Helsel, Sandra.  Virtual Reality and Education.  Educational Technology  vol. 32  no. 5  (May 1992), p. 38-42.  (General.)

Helsel, S. K.  Virtual Reality as a Learning Medium.  Instructional Delivery Systems  vol. 6  no. 4 (1992), p. 4-5.  (General.)

Helsel, S. K., and Roth, J. P.  VR in Education.  SALT Multimedia Conference.  CyberEdge Journal  no. 2 (March/April, 1991), p. 3.

Henderson, Joseph.  Designing Realities:  Interactive Media, Virtual Realities, and Cyberspace.  In Sandra K. Helsel and Judith Paris Roth, eds., Virtual Reality: Theory, Practice, and Promise, p. 65-73.  Westport, Connecticut: Meckler Publishing, 1991.  (Designing VR training programs. Describes combat training programs, Regimental Surgeon and Traumabase.)

Hill, Maggie.  What's New in Virtual Reality?  Electronic Learning  vol. 12  no. 2  (October 1992), p. 10.  (Short items on equipment and software.)

Hirose, M.; Taniguchi, M.; Nakagaki, Y.; and Nihei, K.  Virtual Playgrounds and Communication Environments for Children.  In  IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems,  E-77-D(9),  p. 1330-1334.  September 1994.

Holden, Lynn, and others.  Carnegie Mellon's STUDIO for Creative Inquiry and The Interdisciplinary Teaching Network (ITeN) and Interactive Fiction and The Networked Virtual Art Museum.  Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science  vol. 19  no. 1  (October/November 1992), p. 9-14.  (Ancient Egypt Prototype, interactive fiction system, art museum.)

Holmes, Glen A.  Visual Fidelity and Learning via Computer-Based Simulations.  In VisionQuest:  Journeys toward Visual Literacy.  Selected Readings from the Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (28th, Cheyenne, Wyoming, October, 1996).  (1997)  5 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED408958)  (Virtual reality use.)

Homan, Willem J.  Virtual Reality:  Real Promises and False Expectations.  Educational Media International  vol. 31 no. 4  (December 1994), p. 224-227.  (General.)

Hughes, Charles E., and Moshell, J. Michael.  ExploreNet.  In Carl Eugene Loeffler and Tim Anderson, eds., The Virtual Reality Casebook, p. 118-122. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994.  (Describes networked simulator designed to support presentation of virtual worlds for mathematics and social and natural sciences for grades 6-12.)

Husain, Dilshad D.  When Rural Reality Goes Virtual.  Techniques:  Making Education and Career Connections  vol. 73  no. 6  (September 1998), p. 26-28.  (Partnership between small-town high school, Ohio Supercomputer Center, and high-tech business.)

Ingham, Donella, ed.  Call of the North, NECC '96.  Proceedings of the Annual National Educational Computing Conference (17th, Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 11-13, 1996).  (1996)  430 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.  ED398877)  (Includes virtual reality.)

Inoue, Yukiko.  Virtual Reality Support Versus Video Support in a High School World Geography Class.  Evaluation Proposal.  Paper presented at the Teaching with Technology (Rethinking Traditions) Conference (Winter Park, FL, October 15-18, 1998). 19 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED430562)

Jackson, R.; Taylor, W.; and Winn, W. D.  Peer Collaboration in Virtual Environments:  An Investigation of Multi-Participant Virtual Reality Applied in Primary Science Education.  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal (April 1999).

Jacobson, Linda.  Reading, 'Riting, 'Rithmetic, and Reality.  In Virtual Reality 93 Special Report, p. 39-42.  Published by AI Expert, (Miller Freeman Inc., 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, California 94107).  (Interview with John Morrison, dean of CAD Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.)

Johnson, Andrew; Moher, Thomas; and Cho, Yong-Joo.  Augmenting Elementary School Education with VR.  IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications  vol. 22 no. 2 (March/April 2002), p. 6-9.

Johnson, D. LaMont.  A Virtual Classroom for Teacher Training?  Computers in the Schools  vol. 9  no. 1  (1992), p. 1-5.  (General.)

Johnson, W. Lewis.  Pedagogical Agent Research at CARTE.  AI Magazine  vol. 22  no. 4  (Winter 2001), p. 85-94.

Johnston, Rob.  Is It Live or Is It Memorized?  Virtual Reality Special Report  vol. 2  no. 3  (July/August 1995), p. 53-56.  (Memory and training using VR.)

Kaldenbach, Kees.  'A 3d Flight over Vermeer's Delft in 1660.' [extended abstract]  In Leonardo, Journal of the International Society for the Arts, p. 59.  See http://www.xs4all.nl/~kalden

Katz, Yaacov J.   Kindergarten Teacher Training through Virtual Reality:  Three-Dimensional Simulation Methodology.  Educational Media International vol. 36  no. 2  (June 1999), p. 151-56.

Kelly, Michael M. and Riggs, Nancy R.  Use of a Virtual Environment in the Geowall to Increase Student Confidence and Performance During Field Mapping:  An Example From an Introductory-Level Field Class.  Journal of Geoscience Education  vol. 54  no. 2  (March 2006), p. 158-164.

Kelly, Richard V., Jr.  VR and the Educational Frontier.  Virtual Reality Special Report  vol. 1  no. 3  (Fall 1994), p. 7; 9-15.  (General.)

Kenney, Patrick John.  Instructional Design and Technical Development of a Virtual Reality Environment for Solar System Instruction and Exploration. Master Abstracts International  vol. 32  no. 3  (June 1994), p. 796.  (Science education.)

Kerawalla, Lucinda; Luckin, Rosemary; Seljeflot, Simon; Adrian Woolard, Adrian.  “Making It Real”:  Exploring the Potential of Augmented Reality for Teaching Primary School Science.   Virtual Reality vol. 10 no. 3-4 (December 2006), p. 163-174.

Kim, Jaehyun, and Song, Young Soo.  Instructional Design Guidelines for Virtual Reality in Classroom Applications.  (1997)  10 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED415832)

King, Gloria R.  Science Fair Award for VR Project.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 2  (September 1995), p. 10.

Knox, David; Schacht, Caroline; and Turner, Jack.  Virtual Reality:  A Proposal for Treating Test Anxiety in College Students.  College Student Journal  vol. 27  no. 3  (September 1993), p. 294-296.  (Proposal to use VR to lessen test anxiety.)

Kongshem, Lars.  My Visit to the Virtual World:  Welcome to a Place Where Nothing Is Quite What It Seems.  The Electronic School  (September 1994), p. A32-A33.  (This issue of The Electronic School is an insert in  The American School Board Journal  vol. 181  no. 9  (September 1994.)  (Description of personal VR experience.)

Kopf, Michael.  Teaching About High Tech:  Virtual Reality - A Step Toward Supertechnologies.   Tech Directions vol. 52  no. 2  (September 1992), p. 13-14.  (General applications.)

Kumar, David, and Bristor, Valerie J.  Integrating Science and Language Arts through Technology-based Macrocontexts.  Educational Review  vol. 51  no. 1  (February 1999), p. 41-53.   (Includes virtual reality.)

Kynigos, Chronis, and Latsi, Maria.  Vectors in Use in a 3D Juggling Game Simulation.  International Journal for Technology in Mathematics Education  vol. 13 no. 1 (July 2006), p. 3-10.

Lampton, Donald R.; Knerr, Bruce W.; Goldberg, Stephen L.; Bliss, James P.; Moshell, J. Michael; and Blau, Brian S.  The Virtual Environment Performance Assessment Battery (VEPAB):  Development and Evaluation.  Presence  vol. 3  no. 2  (Spring 1994), p. 145-157.  (Describes VEPAB, a set of tasks to measure human performance in 3D, interactive virtual environments.)

Lanier, Jaron.  Virtual Reality:  The Promise of the Future.  Interactive Learning International  vol. 8  no. 4  (1992), p. 275-279.  (General, with educational applications.)

Lemke, J. L.  Education, Cyberspace, and Change Serial Article Online.  Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture  vol. 1, no. 1  (March 1993), 18 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.  ED356767)  (Based on Internet discussion in Australia in connection with a 1992 conference. Future of VR and education, roles of cyberspace, cyborgs, ecocybersystems, and education, etc.)

Lewis, Joan E.  Virtual Reality:  Ready or Not!  TECHNOS   vol. 3  no. 1  (Spring 1994), p. 12-17.  (General.)

Lewis, Peter H.  The Technology of Tomorrow:  Here's a Taste of What You Can Expect in 21st Century Schools.  Principal vol. 71,  no. 2  (November 1991), p. 6-7.  (Brief mention of VR.)

Li, Ma.  Learning in Virtual Environment and the Development of Learner Language Competence.  CC-AI; The Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science and Applied Epistemology  vol. 15  no. 4  (1998), p. 387-402.

Li, Ma.  VAR & Multimedia and Language Teaching.  CC-AI; The Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science and Applied Epistemology  vol. 14  no. 1  (1997), p. 29-33.

Littman, Marilyn Kemper.  Enhancing Instruction Through Virtual Reality.  In Technology and Education:  Catalyst for Educational Change.   Papers from the 13th International Conference on Technology and Education, vol. 1, p. 31-33.  Grand Prairie, TX:  ICTE - International Conference on Technology and Education, 1996.

Littman, Marilyn Kemper.  Perspectives on Virtual Reality in the Learning Environment.  HyperNexus:  Journal of Hypermedia and Multimedia Studies  vol. 6  no. 3  (1996), p. 4-7.

Littman, Marilyn Kemper.  Simulation in Web-Based Virtual Environments.  HyperNexus:  Journal of Hypermedia and Multimedia Studies  vol. 7  no. 2  (1997), p. 16-22.

Loeffler, Carl Eugene.  Networked Virtual Reality: Applications for Industry, Education and Entertainment.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 1  no. 2  (Summer 1993), p. g-i.  (Includes projects with educational applications.)

Loftin, R. Bowen; Dede, Chris; Salzman, Margaret; Hoblit, J.; and Engelberg, M.  Student Performance in a Virtual Physics Laboratory.   AAPT Announcer (Summer, 1994).

Loftin, R. Bowen; Engelberg, Mark; and Benedetti, Robin.  Applying Virtual Reality in Education:  A Prototypical Virtual Physics Laboratory.  In Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, p. 67-74.  Los Alamitos, California:  IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.  (Describes VR system to teach physics.)

Loftin, R. B.; Engelberg, M.; and Benedetti, R.   Virtual Controls for Interactive Environments:  A Virtual Physics Laboratory.  In Proceedings of Society for Information Display, 1993 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, vol. XXIV, p. 823-826.  Playa del Rey, California:  Society for Information Display, 1993.

Loftin, R. B.; Engelberg, M.; and Benedetti, R.  Virtual Environments for Science Education:  A Virtual Physics Laboratory.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 191-202.  Houston, Texas: NASA, 1993.  (Describes VR system to teach physics.)

Lowenstein, Ronnie, and Barbee, David E.  The New Technology: Agent of Transformation.  Washington, DC:  Department of Labor, Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Development, 1990. 11 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 329 248)  (Includes VR.)

Lynch, Patrick J.  Low-Rent Virtual Reality, 3-D, and Multimedia.  Syllabus vol. 8  no. 4 ( January 1995), p. 21-23.  (Reviews 3-D software, ViewPoint 3-D Datasets and Strata StudioPro, and multimedia use.)

Macpherson, Colin, and Keppell, Mike.   Virtual Reality:  What Is the State of Play in Education?  Australian Journal of Educational Technology  vol. 14  no. 1  (1998), p. 60-74.

Manrique, Fernando, and Others.  Effects of Spatial Ability Levels and Presentation Platform on Performance of a Pictured Rotation Task.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, Ilinois, March 24-28, 1997).  (1997)  21 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED408357)  (High spatial, low spatial and two different presentation platforms - virtual reality and computer monitor)

Marcus, Stephen.  Reading and Writing: Virtually Yours.  Electronic Learning, Special Edition vol. 11  no. 8  (May/June 1992), p. 26.  (VR, reading and writing.)

Marcus, Stephen.  Virtual Realities and the Future of Text.  The Quarterly of the National Writing Project and the Center for the Study of Writing and Literacy vol. 14  no. 2  (Spring 1992), p. 6-8.  (Virtual books, reading, and writing.)

Mathew, M.; Vandamme, F.; and Van Vosselen, N.  Virtual Augmented Reality (VA):  Insights for Web Based Management Education.  CC-AI; The Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science and Applied Epistemology  vol. 18, no. 1-2 (2001), p. 55-67.

Mattoon, J. S., and Mowafy, L.  Implications of Learning Theory and Strategies for the Design of Synthetic Environments. In Sandra R. Helsel, ed., Proceedings of Virtual Reality 92, 3rd. Annual Conference and Exhibition.  Westport, Connecticut: Meckler, 1993.

Maule, R. William; Oh, Byron; and Check, Rosa.  Virtual Reality Hypermedia Design Frameworks for Science Instruction.  In ED-MEDIA/ED-TELECOM 98 World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia & World Conference on Educational Telecommunications.  Proceedings (10th, Freiburg, Germany, June 20-25, 1998).  (1998)  7 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED428698)

Maurer, H.; Schneider, A.  New Aspects of a Hypermedia University Representation.  In Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 1994. Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 94--World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, June 25-30, 1994).  (1994)  7 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED388293)  (Includes walkthrough of University of Auckland, New Zealand campus.)

McCarthy, L.; Pontecorvo, M.; Grant, F.; and Stiles, R. Spatial Considerations for Instructional Development in a Virtual Environment.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p.180-189.  Houston, Texas: NASA, 1993.

McCluskey, Jim.  A Primer on Virtual Reality.  T. H. E. Journal  vol. 20  no. 5  (December 1992), p. 56-59.  (General.)

McCluskey, Jim. Educational Applications of Virtual Reality:  Medium or Myth?  In Sandra Helsel, ed., Beyond the Vision:  The Technology, Research and Business of Virtual Reality; Proceedings of Virtual Reality '91, the Second Annual Conference on Virtual Reality, Artificial Reality, and Cyberspace, San Francisco, September 23-25, 1991, p. 148-153. Westport, Connecticut: Meckler Publishing, 1992.  (General.)

McCluskey, Jim.  Educational Applications of Virtual Reality: Medium or Myth?  Syllabus  no. 29 (September/October 1993), p. 10.  (Changing educational perspectives; research projects.)

McGrath, E.  Team Training at Virtual Worlds Center.   Paper presented at the Meckler Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California, May 13, 1994.

McLellan, Hilary.  1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology.  Virtual Reality Report  vol. 3  no. 5 (June 1993), p. 11-16.  (Reports on conference held at Johnson Space Center, May 5-7, 1993.)

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality:  A Syllabus for a Course on Virtual Reality and  Education (1994)  28 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED375839)

McLellan, Hilary.  Avatars, Affordances, and Interfaces: Virtual Reality Tools for Learning.  In R. A. Braden; D. G. Beauchamp; and J. Baca, eds., Visual Literacy in the Digital Age.  Blacksburg, Virginia: International Visual Literacy Association, 1994.

McLellan, Hilary.  Beam Me Up to My Avatar.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 2  no. 2  (March 1994), p. 33-39.

McLellan, Hilary.  Envisioning Virtual Realities.  International Visual Literacy Review  vol. 24  no. 4  (November 1994), p. 3-4.

McLellan, Hilary.  Low Cost Virtual Reality.  Journal of Computer Science Education  vol. 6  no. 3  (1992), p. 5-7.  (Describes some inexpensive hardware and software for educational use.)

McLellan, Hilary.  New Computer Interfaces:  Virtual Reality.  Journalof Computer Science Education  vol. 6  no. 2  (1991), p. 7-13.

McLellan, Hilary.  Envisioning Virtual Realities.  International Visual Literacy Review  vol. 24  no. 4  (November 1994), p. 3-4.

McLellan, Hilary.  Low Cost Virtual Reality. Journal of Computer Science Education  vol. 6  no. 3  (1992), p. 5-7.  (Describes some inexpensive hardware and software for educational use.)

McLellan, Hilary.  New Computer Interfaces:  Virtual Reality.  Journal of Computer Science Education  vol. 6  no. 2  (1991), p. 7-13.

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Events:  A Cyberspace Resource for Educators.   Educational Technology  vol. 38  no. 2  (March/April 1998), p. 57-61.

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Field Trips:  The Jason Project.  VRWorld  vol. 3  no. 1  (January/February 1995), p. 49-50.  (Telepresence, grades 4-12.)

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Realities.   Chapter 15.   In David H. Jonassen, ed.,  Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology.  Association for Educational Communications and Technology,  1996.

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality; A Selected Bibliography.  Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:  Educational Technology Publications, 1992.  (Includes education.)

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality:  A Learning Tool for Multiple Intelligences.  Virtual Reality Report  vol. 4  no. 2  (February 1994), p. 8-10.  (VR applications examples for types of intelligence.)

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality:  Case Studies in Design for Collaboration & Learning.  Medford, New Jersey:   Learned Information, Inc., 1994.

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality:  Escaping Flatland.  Missouri Journal of Educational Technology  vol. 15  no. 1 (Spring, 1992), p. 16-22.

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality: Some Guideposts for Educators.  HyperNEXUS Journal  vol. 4  no. 2  (Winter 1993), p. 4-6.  (General.)

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality:  Visualization in Three Dimensions.  In R. A. Braden; D. G. Beauchamp; and J. Baca, eds., Imagery in Science and the Arts, p. 335-342.  Blacksburg, Virginia:  International Visual Literacy Association, 1993.

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McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality and Multiple Intelligences:  Potentials for Higher Education.  Journal of Computing in Higher Education  vol. 5  no. 2  (Spring 1994), p. 33-66.

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McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Reality Goes to School.  Computers in the Schools  vol. 9  no. 4  (1993), p. 5-12.  (General.)

McLellan, Hilary.  Why Focus on Virtual Reality?  HyperNexus Journal  vol. 4  no. 2  (Spring 1994), p. 8-9.

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Merikel, Mark L.  The Relationship Between Perceived Realism and the Cognitive Abilities of Children.  Journal of Research on Computing in Education  vol. 26  no.3  (1994), 371-381.

Meyer, Catherine, and Dunn-Roberts, Richard.   Virtual Reality:  A Strategy for Training in Cross-Cultural Communication.  Educational Media International  vol. 29  no. 3  (September 1992), p. 175-180.  (Cross-cultural communication.)

Middleton, Teresa.  Applications of Virtual Reality to Learning.  Interactive Learning International  vol. 8  no. 4  (October-December 1992), p. 253-257.  (General.)  Reprinted in John Hirschbuhl, ed., Computer Studies:  Computers in Education, p. 183-185.  Guilford, Connecticut:  The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.

Middleton, Teresa; Walser, Randal; and Warner, David Jay.  Virtual Reality.  Satellite blockfeed, November 11, 1993, based on presentation at the Fourth Annual National Conference on College Teaching and Learning, 1993.  PBS Adult Learning Satellite Service, 1320 Braddock Pl., Alexandria, Virginia 22314-1698. Phone 1-800-257-2578. Fax 703.739.8495 or 703.730.0775   See also Clower; Basse; and Florida Community College.

Milheim, William D.   Virtual Reality and Its Potential Applications in Education and Training.   Machine-Mediated Learning  vol. 5  no. 1  (1995), p. 43-55.

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Mitchell, W. L., and Economou, D.  Understanding Context and Medium in the Development of Educational Virtual Environments.  In Proceedings of User Centred Design and Implementation of Virtual Environments, p. 109-115.

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Moore, Noel.  How to Create a Low-Cost Virtual Reality Network.  Educational Media International  vol. 30  no. 1  (March 1993), p. 37-39. (Shared electronic environments.)

Moore, Paul.  Learning and Teaching in Virtual Worlds: Implications of Virtual Reality for Education.  Australian Journal of Educational Technology  vol.11  no. 2  (Summer 1995), p. 91-102 .

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Moshell, J. M., and Hughes, C. E.  The Virtual Academy:  Networked Simulation and the Future of Education.  In Proceedings of the IMAGINA Conference, p. 6-18.  Monte Carlo, Monaco, February 1994.

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Moshell, J. Michael; Hughes, Charles E.; Blau, Brian; Dunn-Roberts, Richard; Lisle, Curtis R.; and Li, Xin.  Networked Virtual Environments:  Issues and Approaches.  Paper presented at SRI Virtual Worlds Symposium; June 17, 1991; Menlo Park, California, USA.

Moshell, J. M.; Hughes, C. E.; Blau, B. S.; Li, X.; and Dunn-Roberts, R. R.  Networked Virtual Environments for Simulation and Training.  In Proceedings of the 1991 International Simulation Technology Conference, p. 210-215.  (1991)

Moshell, J. M.; Smart, E. A., Dunn, R. R.; Blau, B.; and Lisle, C. R.  Virtual Reality:  Its Potential Impact on Embedded Training.  In R. J. Seidel and P. R. Chatelier, eds., Proceedings of Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design, p. 191-205.  New York, NY:  Plenum, 1993.

Murphy, Patrick.  Training Gets Real.  The Engineer (London, England)  vol. 288  no. 7444/7446  (March 26, 1999), p. 20.  (Engineering education.)

Nadis, Steve.  Immersed in Science.  Computer Graphics World  vol. 22   no. 3  (March 1999), p. 42-43.  (On ScienceSpace.)

Nash, Ian.  Visions for a Braver World.  Times Educational Supplement  no. 3923 (September 6, 1991), p. 12.  (Science education.)

Nemire, Kennteth; Beil, Joshua; and Swan, Ronald W.  Preventing Teen Smoking with Virtual Reality.  CyberPsychology & Behavior  vol. 2, no. 1  (February 1999), p. 35-47.

Norris, Lynn.  Historic Murfreesboro Project.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 9.

O'Connell, Kenneth.  The Challenge of Computers in Art.  SchoolArts  vol. 92  no. 7  (March 1993), p. 14-17.  (Includes VR.)

Ogata, Hiroyuki, and Takahashi, Tomoichi.  Robotic Assembly Operation Teaching in a Virtual Environment.  IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation  vol. 10  no. 3  (June 1994), p. 391-399.  (Teaching how to program a robot.)

Orwig, Gary; Barbato, Catriona; Kincaid, J. Peter; and Moshell, Michael.  Classroom of the Future...Now!  Educational Media International  vol. 30  no. 1 (March 1993), p. 18-22.  (Experimental Protyping Classroom and other projects, including VR projects, at the Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.)

Osberg, Kimberly M.  A Teacher's Guide to Developing Virtual Environments:  VRRV Project Support.  Technical Report R-97-17.  Seattle, WA:  Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1997.

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Pantelidis, Veronica S.   Robotics in Education:  An Information Guide.  Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1991.  (Includes information sources on robots used in telepresence.)

Pantelidis, Veronica S.  Suggestions on When to Use and When Not to Use Virtual Reality in Education.  VR in the Schools  vol. 2  no. 1  (June 1996), p. 18.  (General.)

Pantelidis, Veronica S.  Using Virtual Reality to Teach Local History.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 15.  (History, middle grades.)

Pantelidis, Veronica S.  Using Virtual Reality With Elementary and Secondary School Students, Following the Curriculum.  In Panagiotis Pintelas and T. Patronis, eds., Didaktiki ton Mathimatikon & Plirofioriki stin Ekpaideusi, Proceedings of the 3rd Panhellenic Conference With International Participation, Didactics of Mathematics & Informatics in Science Teaching, Patras, Greece, May 8-10, 1997, p. 27-35.  Athens:  Ekdoseis G. A. Pieumatikou, 1998.

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Pantelidis, Veronica S.  Virtual Reality and the School Library/Information Skills Curriculum.  North Carolina Libraries  vol. 52  no. 3/4  (Fall-Winter 1994), p. 114-116.  (Library skills objectives.)

Pantelidis, Veronica S.  VR in Secondary Education:  What Do You Need, What Does It Cost, How Do You Get Started.  In Mike Bevan, ed., Proceedings,  VRET '97,Virtual  Reality in Education & Training 1997, Loughborough, England, June 24-26, 1997, p. 13-19.   London:  VR News, 1998.

Pantelidis, Veronica.  Virtual Reality in the Business Education Classroom.  In Vivian Arnold, ed.,  Embracing Excellence: A "Capitol" Experience.  Proceedings of 11th Annual Atlantic Coast Business and Marketing Education Conference, p. 87-88.  Greenville, North Carolina:  Department of Business, Vocational, and Technical Education, East Carolina University, 1994.  (Business education.)

Pantelidis, Veronica S.  Virtual Reality in the Classroom.  Educational Technology  vol. 33  no. 4  (April 1993), p. 23-27. (General.)  Reprinted in John Hirschbuhl, ed., Computer Studies:  Computers in Education, p. 175-179.  Guilford, Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.

Pantelidis, Veronica S.  Virtual Reality in the Engineering Classroom.  Computer Applications in Engineering  Education  vol. 5  no. 1  (1997), p. 3-12.

Pantelidis, Veronica S., and Auld, Lawrence.  Teaching Virtual Reality Courses Online.   CCAI, The Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence Cognitive Science and Applied Epistemoloigy  vol 19, nos. 3-4 (2002), 87-132.

Pantelidis, Veronica S., and Auld, Lawrence.  Teaching Virtual Reality Using Distance Education.  Themes in Education  vol. 3  no. 1  (April 2002), p. 15-38.  [Leader Books journal.  17 Panagi Kyriakolu Street, Athens, Greece  GR-11521]

Pantelidis, Veronica S., and Auld, Lawrence.  Teaching Virtual Reality Using Internet Distance Delivery.  Learning Technology  vol. 2  no. 1   (January 2000).  (monthly, IEEE Computer Society online journal)   http://lttf.ieee.org/learn_tech/issues/january2000/index.html

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Pantelidis, Veronica S., and Stangel, Christine.  South Greenville Elementary School Virtual Reality Project.  VR in the Schools  vol. 2  no. 4  (1997), p. 13-16.

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Passig, David. Virtual Literacy:  Literacy in Virtual Learning Environments.  In Howard F. Didsbury, Jr., ed.,  FutureVision:  Ideas, Insights, and Strategies, p. 133-146.  Bethesda, Maryland:  World Future Society, 1996.

Passig, David.  Virtual Reality in Education.  College of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.  (In Hebrew.)

Passig, David; Klein, Pnina; and Noyman, Tali.  Improving Awareness of Toddlersí Initial Cognitive Experiences in Kindergarten with Virtual Reality.  Journal of Computer Assisted Learning  vol. 17  no. 4  (2001), p. 332-344

Passig, David, and Noyman, Tali.   Training Kindergarten Teachers with Virtual Reality.     In  Ifip World Conference on Computers in Education 2001 Copenhagen, Denmark.  Networking the Learner:  Computers in Education.  Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

Passig, David, and Sharbat, Aviva.  A Preferred Future Pedagogic Mission for Using Virtual Reality (VR) in Schools:  An Imen-Delphi (ID) Exercise With a Group of VR Scholars and Developers.  Paper available from Dr. David Passig, College of Education, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel.  Email:  passig@mail.biu.ac.il

Peakins, Warren.  Excellence Through Partnerships:  College of Education, East Carolina University. 1997-98 Progress Report.(1999)  33 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED430488)  (Includes information on and photograph of Virtual Reality and Education Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.)

Peppler, Philipp W.  Image Generation Systems in Virtual Training Platforms.  Communications of the ACM  vol. 42  no. 9  (September 1999), p. 85+.

Peruch, P.; Versher, J. L.; and Gauthier, G. M.  Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge through Visual Exploration of Simulated Environments.  Ecological Psychology  vol. 7  (1995), p. 1-20.

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Psotka, J., and Davison, S.  Cognitive Factors Associated with Immersion in Virtual Environments.  In  Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 285-297.  Houston, Texas:  NASA, 1993.

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Randall, James P.  The Emerging Potential of Virtual Reality in Postsecondary Education.  New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 51 (Teaching in the Information Age: The Role of Educational Technology), (Fall 1992), p. 77-81.  (General, higher education.)

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Resnick, Michael.  Collaboration in Simulated Worlds:  Learning Through and About Collaboration.  SIGCUE Outlook  vol. 21  no. 3  (Spring 1992), p. 36-38.

Rho, Kwansik.  A Case Study on the Changes of University Students' Function Concept in a Virtual Environment.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (New Orleans, Louisiana, April 24-28, 2000).  (2000)  30 p.   (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED440869)

Ribeiro, Marcelo Blois; Noya, Ricardo Choren; Fuks, Hugo.  CLEW:  A Cooperative Learning Environment for the Web.  In ED-MEDIA/ED-TELECOM 98 World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia & World Conference on Educational Telecommunications. Proceedings (10th, Freiburg, Germany, June 20-25,1998).    (1998)  7 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED428715)  (CLEW [collaborative learning environment for the Web] uses MUD, workflow, VRML, constructivism)

Rich, C.; Waters, R. C.; Stohecker, C.; Schabes, Y.; Freeman, W. T.; Torrance; Golden, A. R.; and Roth, M.   A Prototype Interactive Environment for Collaboration and Learning.  Technical Report TR94-06.  Cambridge, Massachusetts:  Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, 1994.

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Robert, Irena.  Psychological and Pedagogical Issues in Using Virtual Reality Systems.  In Tony Feldman, ed., Virtual Reality International 92. Impacts and Applications.  Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Virtual Reality International:  Impacts & Applications, London, April 1-3, 1992, p. 117-119.  London:  Meckler Ltd., 1992.

Rogers, Yvonne; Scaife, Mike; Gabrielli, Silvia; Smith, Hilary; and Harris, Eric.  A Conceptual Framework for Mixed Reality Environments:  Designing Novel Learning Activities for Young Children.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 11  no. 6  (December 2002), p. 677-686.  [MIT Press journal] [Mixed reality; Augmented reality.]

Rose, Howard.  Assessing Learning in VR:  Towards Developing a Paradigm Virtual Reality Roving Vehicles (VRRV) Project.  HIT Lab Technical Report TR-95-1.  Seattle, Washington:  Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of Washington, 1995.  (1995)  47 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED392826)Roussou, M. (2005). Can Interactivity in Virtual Environments Enable Conceptual Learning? In Proc. 7th Virtual Reality International Conference (VRIC), First International VR-Learning Seminar, Laval, France, pp. 57-64.

Roussou, Maria.  Can Interactivity in Virtual Environments Enable Conceptual Learning?   In Proceedings, 7th Virtual Reality International Conference (VRIC), First International VR-Learning Seminar, Laval, France, 2005, p. 57-64.

Roussou, Maria.   Learning by Doing and Learning through Play:   An Exploration of Interactivity in Virtual Environments for Children.   ACM Journal of Computers in Entertainment, Volume 1, Issue 2:  Educating Children Through Entertainment, ACM Press, New York, NY, 2004.

Roussou, Maria.  The Interplay between Form, Story, and History: The Use of Narrative in Cultural and Educational Virtual Reality.   In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2197/2002, p. 181+.  Berlin/Heidelberg:  Springer, 2001.

Roussou, Maria.   The Role of Interactivity in the Formation of Informal Educational Experiences.   In Proceedings, 2nd International Museology Conference, 28 June - 2 July, Mytilene, Greece. 2004.  [in Greek].  http://www.makebelieve.gr/mr/research/papers/Museology/mroussou_museology04_final.pdf

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Roussos [Roussou], Maria; Johnson, Andrew; Moher, Thomas; Leigh, Jason; Vasilakis, Christina; and Barnes, Chris.  Learning and Building Together in an Immersive Virtual World.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 8  no. 3  (June 1999), p.  247-263.  [MIT Press journal]  (Describes the NICE project in which children interacted in a CAVE.)

Russell, Anne L.  Nonexpert Conceptions of Virtual Reality.  Journal of Research on Computing in Education  vol. 30 no. 1 (Fall 1997), p. 53-66.

Salzman, Marilyn; Dede, Chris; and Loftin, R. Bowen.  Assessing Virtual Reality's Potential for Teaching Abstract Science.  In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 1997 Annual Meeting.  New York:  Association for Computing Machinery.

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Salzman, Marilyn C.; Dede, Chris; Loftin, R. Bowen; and Chen, Jim.  A Model for Understanding How Virtual Reality Aids Complex Conceptual Learning.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 8  no. 3  (June 1999), p. 293-316.  [MIT Press journal]

Salzman, Marilyn; Dede, Chris; McGlynn, D.; and Loftin, R. Bowen.   ScienceSpace:  Lessons for Designing Immersive Virtual Realities.  In Proceedings of CHI 96, p. 89-90.

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Schaefer, Andreas, and Wassermann, Karsten.  Adult Students' Reactions to Low-Cost VR.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 13-15.

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Schlager, M., and Boman, D.  VR in Education and Training.  Paper presented at the Meckler Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California,  May 13, 1994.

Schroeder, Ralph.  Learning from Virtual Reality Applications in Education.  Virtual Reality  vol 1  no. 1 (1995), p. 33-40.  (Specific applications, projects, and advantages.)

Schroeder, Ralph.  Virtual Reality in the Real World.  Futures  vol. 25  no. 9  (November 1993), p. 963-973.  Reprinted in Nick Heap, and others, eds, Information Technology and Society.  London:  Sage, 1994.  (Includes education.)

Schroeder, Ralph, Cleal, Bryan; and Giles, Warren.  Virtual Reality in Education:  Some Preliminary Social Science Perspectives.  In Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds, p. 147-158.  Paris:  EC2, 1993.

Schwienhorst, Klaus.   Co-constructing Learning Environments and Learner Identities - Language Learning in Virtual Reality.  In Thomas Ottmann and Ivan Tomek, eds., Proceedings of ED-Media/ED-Telecom '98.  Charlottesville, VA:  Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 1998.

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Schwienhorst, Klaus.  Why Virtual, Why Environments?  Implementing VR Concepts in CALL.   Simulation & Gaming  vol. 33  no. 2  (2002), 196-209.

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Shulman, Seth.  Virtual Reality Goes to School.  Computer Graphics World  vol. 22  no. 3  (March 1999), p. 38-44.

Siddens, Paul J., III.  2010 and Beyond:  Virtual Reality and the Communication Classroom.  Paper presented at the Joint Meeting of the Central States Communication Association and the Southern States Communication Association (St. Louis, MO, April 7-11, 1999).  (1999)  19 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED429323)

Sims, D.  Multimedia Camp Empowers Disabled Kids.  IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications  vol. 14  no. 1  (January 1994), p. 13-14.

Skurzynski, Gloria.  The Best of All (Virtual) Worlds:  What Will Become of Today's New Technology?  School Library Journal  vol. 39  no. 10  (October 1993), p. 37-40.

Smith, Peter, ed.  Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference (32nd, North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, June 13-17, 1999).  (1999)  257 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.  ED432983)  (Includes paper on  virtual reality models in the classroom.)

Somers, John.  Stories in Cyberspace. Children's Literature in Education  vol. 26 no. 4  (December  1995), p. 197-209.

Stanfel, Julie.  Programming for the Virtual Commons.  Educational Media International vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994), p. 242-246. (Describes Virtual Cities project of National Film Board of Canada, international VR satellite teleconference, including Mandala System (TM).)

Stanfel, Julie.  Virtual Cities - A Regional Discovery Project.  Educational Media International  vol. 30  no. 1 (March 1993), p. 42-45.  (Describes Virtual Cities project, international VR satellite teleconference with students ages 12-17.)

Stevens, Jane Ellen.  The Growing Reality of Virtual Reality.  Bio Science  vol. 45  (July/August 1995), p. 435-439.  (Uses in Science Research and Public Education.)

Stock, Juanita Keller.  Virtual Reality Brings Literature to Life at Haywood Community College.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 4  (March 1996), p. 8.

Stock, Juanita Keller, and  Gaddis, Tony.  Virtual Reality:  A New Medium for Literary Study.  Teaching English in the Two-Year College  vol. 23 no. 3 (October 1996), p. 194-97.

Stone, Robert J.  Virtual Reality and Cyberspace:  From Science Fiction to Science Fact.  Information Services and Use  vol. 11  no. 5-6  (1991), p. 283-300.  (Includes military training, postsecondary education.)

Stuart, Rory.  Virtual Reality: Directions in Research and Development.  Interactive Learning International  vol. 8  no. 2  (April-June 1992), p. 95-100.  (Projects at NYNEX and issues uncovered.)

Stuart, Rory, and Thomas, John C.  Educational Applications of Cyberspace (abstract).  In  Collected Abstracts from the First Conference on Cyberspace, Austin, May 4-5, 1990, p. 96-97.  Austin, Texas:  School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin.  (General.)

Stuart, Rory, and Thomas, John C.  The Implications of Education in Cyberspace.  Multimedia Review  vol. 2  no. 2  (Summer 1991), p. 17-27.   (General.)

Swartz, James D., and Hatcher, Tim.  Virtual Experience:  The Impact of Mediated Communication in a Democratic Society.  Educational Technology  vol. 36  no. 6  (November/December 1996), p. 40-44.

Talkmitt, Marcia.  VESAMOTEX - Virtual Education Science and Math of Texas.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 4  (March 1996), p. 5-7.

Tatum, Stephen.  An Exercise in 3-D Visualization. Tech Directions  vol. 55  no. 6  (January 1996), p. 14-15.  (High school students.)

Taxen, Gustav, and Naeve, A.  CyberMath: Exploring Open Issues in VR-Based Learning.  SIGGRAPH 2001 Educators Program.  In SIGGRAPH 2001 Conference Abstracts and Applications, p. 49-51. 2001.

Taylor, Gregory Len.  The Potential Role of Virtual Reality in Environmental Education.  Master of Science thesis, School of Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1994.  (Was available via ftp from ftp://ftp.hitl.washington.edu/pub/sci.virtual-worlds/papers/Taylor/ )

Taylor, Gregory L., and Disinger, John F.  The Potential Role of Virtual Reality in Environmental Education.  Journal of Environmental Education  vol. 28  no. 3  (Spring  1997), p. 38-43.

Taylor, Macey B.  A Glimpse of the Virtual Future.  Cross Currents  vol. 19  no. 1 (1992), p. 69-72.  (VR and Computer Assisted Language Learning - CALL.)

Taylor, Wayne.  Student Responses to Their Immersion in a Virtual Environment.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, March 24-28, 1997).  (1997)  12 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED407931)

Thurman, R.   Simulation and Training Based Technology.  Paper presented at the EFDPMA (Educational Foundation of the Data Processing Management Association) Conference on Virtual Reality, June 1, 1992.

Thurman, Richard A., and Mattoon, Joseph S.  Virtual Reality:  Toward Fundamental Improvements in Simulation-Based Training.  Educational Technology  vol. 34  no. 8  (October 1994), p. 56-64.  (Characteristics of VR and applications to education and training.)

Tiffin, John, and Rajasingham, Lalita.  In Search of the Virtual Class.  London & New York:  Routledge, 1995.  (Includes chapter on VR and discussions on VR and education and in the classroom.)

Todorov, E.; Shadmehr, R.; and Bizzi, E.  Augmented Feedback Presented in a Virtual Environment Accelerated Learning of a Difficult Motor Task.  Journal of Motor Behavior  vol. 29  no. 2  (1997), 147-158.

Traub, David.  Neomedia:  To Live and Learn in 3D.  Verbum 5.2  (1991), p. 22-24.

Traub, David C.   Simulated World as Classroom:  The Potential for Designed Learning within Virtual Environments.  In Sandra K. Helsel and Roth, Judith Paris, eds.,  Virtual Reality: Theory, Practice, and Promise, p. 111-121.  Westport, Connecticut:  Meckler Publishing, 1991.  (General.)

Traub, David C.  The Promise of Virtual Reality for Learning.  In Carl Eugene Loeffler and Tim Anderson, eds., The Virtual Reality Casebook, p. 107-117.  New York, NY:  Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994.  (General.)

Trotter, Andrew.  In the School Game, Your Options Abound.  Executive Educator  vol. 13  no. 6  (June 1991), p. 23.  (Includes VR.)

Trueman, Bob.  QuickTime VR and English as a Second Language.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 4  (March 1996), p. 13.

Trueman, Bob.  Virtual Reality Becomes Reality.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 1  (June 1995), p. 2.  (Teacher VR workshops in Canada.)

Tyre, Terian.  Live TV Broadcasts from Ocean Floor Bring New Depth to Science Education.  T.  H.  E.Journal  vol. 17  no. 1  (August 1989), p. 42, 44-46.  (The JASON project, grades 4 - 12, telepresence.)

Ulman, Neil.  High-Tech Connection Between Schools and Science Expeditions Enlivens Classes.  The Wall Street Journal vol. 221  no. 52  (March 17, 1993), p. B1, B2.  (The JASON project, grades 4 - 12, telepresence.)

Vandamme, F.  Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology (VAR):  The Tool for Realising Education Targets?  CC-AI; The Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science and Applied Epistemology  vol. 14  no. 1  (1997), p. 73-80.

Velez-Jahn, Gonzalo.  Virtual Reality - Its Coming Challenge to Education.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 12-13.

Vervenne, D.; Ma, L.; Kaczmarski, P.; Vandamme, F.; Cooman, M.; Vanbrande, B.; Vandamme, M.; and Zhang, P.  Architecture of the Virtual Language Tutor VLT.  CC-AI; The Journal for the Integrated Study of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science and Applied Epistemology  vol. 14  no. 1  (1997), p. 35-40.

Wall, Tom.  Almost Real, Almost Here.  The Electronic School  (September 1994), p. A33-A36.  (This issue of The Electronic School is an insert in The American School Board Journal  vol. 181  no. 9  (September 1994).)  (General, educational VR project examples.)

Wallace, Ivan.  Virtual Reality for Business and ME.  In Randy L. Joyner, ed.,  Back to the Future with Business and Marketing Education.  Annual Atlantic Coast Business and Marketing Education Conference Proceedings (12th, Raleigh, North Carolina, February 17-18, 1995).  (1995)  97 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED383882)

Wang, Hsiao-shen, and Hu, Jyr-Ching.   Using Virtual Reality Courseware to Enhance Secondary School Student Learning in Geosciences.   ICCE/ICCAI 2000,  p. 1376-1382.  2000.

Warlick, David.  Making a Place.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 2  (September 1995), p. 11.

Wass, Donald.  Going Beyond Reality.  ED Tech  (Winter 2004), p. 41-42.

Wassermann, Karsten.  Virtually Experienced!  A One-Month Practicum at VREL, May 2 - June 1, 1995.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 1  (June 1995), p. 6.  (Observations by VREL visiting scholar.)

Waterworth, John A., and Waterworth, Eva L.  Presence and Absence in Educational Virtual Reality:  The Role of Perceptual Seduction in Conceptual Learning.  Themes in Education  vol.  1  no. 1  (Winter 2000), p. 7-38.  [Leader Books journal.  17 Panagi Kyriakolu Street, Athens, Greece  GR-11521]

Whitelock, Denise; Romano, Daniela; Jelfs, Anne; and Brna, Paul.  Perfect Presence:  What Does This Mean for the Design of Virtual Learning Environments?   Education and Information Technologies  vol. 5, no. 4  (December 2000), p. 277-289.

Wickens, C. D.  Virtual Reality and Education.  Technical Report ARL-93-2/NSF-93-1 prepared for the National Science Foundation.  Savoy, Illinois:  Aviation Research Laboratory, Institute of Aviation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, April 1993.

Wickens, Christopher D.  Virtual Reality and Education.  In Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 1, p. 842-847.  Piscataway, New Jersey:  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1992.  (Conditions in which VR can facilitate or possibly inhibit learning.)

Wilson, David. L.  Researchers Hope to Lead Students into 'Virtual Reality.'  The Chronicle of Higher Education  vol. 38 (April 22, 1992), p. A23-25. (General, with examples of college-level applications.)

Wilson, David L.  A Key for Entering Virtual Worlds.  The Chronicle of Higher Education  vol. 41  no. 12  (November 16, 1994), p. A18-19, A21.  (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment at the University of Illinois-Urbana, including possible educational applications.)

Wilson, P. N.; Foreman, N.; and Tlauka, M.  Transfer of Spatial Information from a Virtual to a Real Environment.  Human Factors  vol. 39 (1997), p. 526-531.

Windschitl, M., and Winn, William D.  A Virtual Environment Designed to Help Students Understand Science.  In B. Fishman and S. O'Connor-Divelbliss, eds.,   International Conference of the Learning Societies 2000:  Facing the Challenges of Complex Real-World Settings, p. 290-296..  Ann Arbor, MI:  University of Michigan, 2000.

Winn, William.  A Conceptual Basis for Educational Applications of Virtual Reality.  (1993) 16 p.  Paper available at HITL ftp site.  (Immersion; VR and learning by constructing knowledge; applications in education.)

Winn, William.  A Discussion of the Human Interface Technology Laboratory (HITL) and Its Educational Projects.  Paper presented at the Virtual Reality Expo '93, New York, New York, December 1, 1993.

Winn, William.  The Impact of Three-Dimentional Immersive Virtual Environments on Modern Pedagogy.  Whitepaper presented at the National Science Foundation Workshop, June 19, 1997.  14 p.  [Teaching about global climate change.]

Winn, William.  The Virtual Reality Roving Vehicle Project.  T. H. E.  Journal  vol. 23  no. 5  (December 1995), p. 70-74.

Winn, William, and Bricken, William.  Designing Virtual Worlds for Use in Mathematics Education.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California,  April 20-24, 1992. 24 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED353129)  (Elementary algebra.)

Winn, William, and Bricken, William.  Designing Virtual Worlds for Use in Mathematics Education:  The Example of Experiential Algebra.  Educational Technology  vol. 32  no. 12  (December 1992), p. 12-19.  (Elementary algebra.)

Winn, William, and Jackson, Randy.  Fourteen Propositions About Educational Uses of Virtual Reality.  Educational Technology  vol. 39  no. 4  (July/August 1999), p. 5-14.

Winn, William, and Windschitl, Mark.  Learning Science in Virtual Environments:  The Interplay of Theory and Experience.  Themes in Education  vol.  1  no. 4  (Autumn 2000), p. 373-390.  [Leader Books journal.  17 Panagi Kyriakolu Street, Athens, Greece  GR-11521]

Winn, William D.; Hoffman, Hunter; and Osberg, Kimberley.  Semiotics, Cognitive Theory, and the Design of Objects, Actions and Interactions in Virtual Environments.  Journal of Structural Learning and Intelligent Systems  vol. 14  no. 1  (1999), p. 29-49.

Winn, William; Hoffman, Hunter; Hollander, Ari; Osberg, Kimberley; Rose, Howard; and Char, Patti.  Student-Built Virtual Environments.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 8  no. 3  (June 1999), p. 283-292.

Winn, William D.; Hoffman, Hunter; Hollander, Ari; Osberg, Kimberley; Rose, Howard; and Char, Patti.  The Effect of Student Construction of Virtual Environments on the Performance of High- and Low-Ability Students.  Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, November 1977.

Witmer, B. G.; Bailey, J. H.; and Knerr, B. W.  Virtual Spaces and Real World Places:  Transfer of Route Knowledge Acquired from Maps and Navigation.  Cognitive Psychology  vol. 14 (1996), p. 560-589.

Yager, Robert E.  Audiovisual - Virtual Reality.  Science Teacher  vol. 61  no. 3  (March 1994), p. 77.  (Reviews Virtual Reality, video produced in 1993 by Films for the Humanities and Sciences, PO Box 2053, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-2053, USA.)

Yam, Philip.  Surreal Science:  Virtual Reality Finds a Place in the Classroom.  Scientific American  vol. 266  no. 2  (February 1993), p. 103-104.  (High school physics.)

Youngblut, Christine.  Educational Uses of Virtual Reality Technology.   IDA Document D-2128.   Alexandria, VA:  Institute for Defense Analyses, 1998.  (Available at http://www.hitl.washington.edu/scivw/youngblut-edvr/D2128.pdf )

Zohrab, Peter.  Virtual Language and Culture Reality  (VLCR).  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 4  (March 1996), p. 14-15.

Collaborative Virtual Environments; Virtual Worlds

Altun, Arif.  Interaction Management Strategies on IRC and Virtual Chat Rooms.  In  Proceedings,  "SITE 98: Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (9th, Washington, DC, March 10-14, 1998).   (1998)  7 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED421171)

Barab, Sasha; Thomas, Michael; Dodge, Tyler; Carteaux, Robert; and Tuzun, Hakan.  Making Learning Fun:  Quest Atlantis, A Game Without Guns.  Educational Technology Research & Development  vol 53 no. 1  (2005), p. 86-107.

Bronack, S., Riedl, R., Tashner, J. and Greene, M.   Learning in the Zone: A Social Constructivist Framework for Distance Education in a 3D Virtual World.  In C. Crawford, et al., eds.  Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2006, p. 268-275.   Chesapeake, VA:  AACE, 2006.

Bronack, Stephen; Riedl, Richard; and Tashner, John.  Teaching in 3D:  Developing Learning Communities in a Multi-User Virtual Environment.  In  Caroline Crawford, Dee Anna Willis, Roger Carlsen, Ian Gibson, Karen McFerrin, Jerry Price, and Roberta Weber, eds., Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2005 2005:1 (2005), p. 2166-2170.  Chesapeake, VA:  Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 2005.

Brna, Paul, and Aspin, Rob.  Collaboration in a Virtual World:  Support for Conceptual Learning?   Education and Information Technologies  vol. 3, nos. 3-4  (December 1998), p. 247-259.

Bugeja, Michael J.  Second Thoughts about Second Life.  Chronicle of Higher Education  vol. 54, no. 3, (2007), p. C2-C4.

Childress, Marcus D., and Braswell, Ray.  Using Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games for Online Learning.  Distance Education, vol. 27, no. 2 (2006), p. 187-196.

Churchill, Elizabeth F.; Snowdon, David N.; and Munro, Alan J., eds.  Collaborative Virtual Environments.  Heidelberg, Germany:  Springer-Verlag, 2001.  304 p.

Corbit, Margaret.  Building Virtual Worlds for Informal Science Learning (SciCentr and SciFair) in the Active Worlds Educational Universe (AWEDU).   Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 11  no. 1  (February 2002), p. 55-67.

Corbit, Margaret, and DeVarco, Bonnie.  SciCentr and BioLearn:  Two 3D Implementations of CVE Science Museums.  In Elizabeth Churchill and Martin Reddy, eds.,  CVE 2000.  Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments, September 1-12, 2000, San Francisco, CA, p. 65-71.  New York, NY:  The Association for Computing Machinery.  Available from ACM Order Department, P. O. Box 11405, New York, NY 10286-1405 USA.  (Use of Active Worlds.)

Correa, Carlos David; Gonzalez, Miguel Angel; Restrepo, Juliana; Trefftz, Christian; and Trefftz, Helmuth.  Collaboratived Virtual Environments as Means to Support Distance Education in Colombia.   In Dave Snowdon and Elizabeth Churchill, eds.  Collaborative Virtual Environments '98.  Proceedings, CVE '98, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 17th-19th June 1998, p. 139-140.  [poster]  (EAFIT University, Colombia)

Dede, Chris.  Enabling Distributed Learning Communities Via Emerging Technologies, Part One.   T. H. E. Journal  vol. 32, no. 2  (September 2004).

Dede, Chris.  Enabling Distributed Learning Communities Via Emerging Technologies, Part Two.  T. H. E. Journal  vol. 32, no. 3   (October 2004), p. 16-26.

Dede, Chris, and Palombo, Marielle.  Virtual Worlds for Learning; Exploring the Future of the "Alice in Wonderland" Interface.  Threshold  vol. 2, no. 2  (Summer 2004), p. 16-18, 20.

Descy, Don E.  All Aboard the Internet:  Second Life.  TechTrends vol. 52, no. 1  (January/February 2008), p. 5-6.

Deubel, Patricia.  Virtual Worlds:  A Next Generation for Instruction Delivery.  Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, vol. 21, no. 2 (2007), p. 6-12.

Di Blas, N.; Poggi, C.; and Torrebruno, A.  Collaboration and Playful Competition in a 3D Educational Virtual World:  The Learning@Europe Experience.  In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2006, p. 1191-1198. Chesapeake, VA:  AACE, 2006.

Dickey, Michele D.  3D Virtual Worlds and Learning:  An Analysis of the Impact of Design Affordances and Limitations in Active Worlds, blaxxun interactive, and OnLive! Traveler; and A Study of the Implementation of Active Worlds for Formal and Informal Education.  Ph. D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, College of Education, 1999.  Available at http://michele.netlogix.net/side3/dissertation.htm

Dickey, Michele D.  An Architectural Perspective for the Design of Educational Virtual Environments.  Journal of Visual Literacy  vol. 24 no. 1  (Spring 2004), p. 49-66.

Dickey, Michele D.  Constructing Learners in 3D:  An Investigation of Design Affordances and Constraints of Active Worlds Educational Universe.  In Proceedings of AECT 2002  (Association for Educational Communications and Technology), November 2002, Dallas, Texas.

Dickey, Michele D.  Teaching in 3D:  Pedagogical Affordances and Constraints of 3D Virtual Worlds for Synchronous Distance Learning.  Distance Education  vol. 24  no. 1  (May 2003), p. 105-121.

Dickey, Michele D.  Three-Dimensional Virtual Worlds and Distance Learning:  Two Case Studies of Active Worlds as a Medium for Distance Education.  British Journal of Educational Technology  vol. 36 no. 3  (May 2005), p. 439-451.

Economou, Daphne D.; Mitchell, William L.; and Boyle, Tom.  Developing Requirements for the Use of Virtual Actors in Shared Virtual Learning Environments.  In Dave Snowdon and Elizabeth Churchill, eds., Collaborative Virtual Environments '98.  Proceedings, CVE '98, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 17th-19th June 1998, p. 133-134.   [poster]  (Manchester Metropolitan University, UK)

Foster, Andrea L.  Harvard to Offer Law Course in 'Virtual World.'  Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 53, no. 3 (2006), p. 38.

Galagan, Pat.  Second That!:  Could Second Life be Learning's Second Chance?  Training and Development, vol. 62, no. 2 (2008), p. 34-37.

Gronstedt, Anders.  Second Life Produces Real Training Results.  Training and Development, vol. 61, no. 8 (2007), p. 44-49.

Hall, Tim, and Nguyen, Frank.  IBM@Play on Second Life.  Training Media Review (July 2007).

Hampel, Thorsten, and Keil-Slawik, Reinhard.  A Collaborative Document Management Environment for Teaching and Learning.  In  Elizabeth Churchill and Martin Reddy, eds.,  CVE 2000.  Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments, September 1-12, 2000, San Francisco, CA, p. 197-198.  New York, NY:  The Association for Computing Machinery.  Available from ACM Order Department, P. O. Box 11405, New York, NY 10286-1405 USA.  [poster]

Jackson, Randolph L.  Collaboration and Learning within Tele-Immersive Virtual Environments.  Ph. D. Dissertation, College of Education, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.  (2000)

Jackson, Randolph L., and Fagan, Eileen.  Collaboration and Learning Within Immersive Virtual Reality.  In  Elizabeth Churchill and Martin Reddy, eds.,  CVE 2000.  Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments, September 1-12, 2000, San Francisco, CA, p. 83-92.  New York, NY:  The Association for Computing Machinery.  Available from ACM Order Department, P. O. Box 11405, New York, NY 10286-1405 USA.  (Collaboration using a head-mounted display.)

Kaufmann, Hannes; Schmalstieg, Dieter; and Wagner, Michael.  Construct3D:  A Virtual Reality Application for Mathematics and Geometry Education.  Education and Information Technologies  vol. 5  no. 4  (2000), p. 263-276.  [Collaborative augmented reality.]

Kaufmann Hannes, and Schmalstieg, Dieter.  Mathematics and Geometry Education with Collaborative Augmented Reality.  In SIGGRAPH 2002 Abstracts andApplications, pp. 37-41, 2002. [Collaborative augmented reality.]

Koua, Etien, and De Diana, Italo.  The Collaboratory Learning System Model:  An Integrated Model for Communication, Collaboration, Informatio n and Instruction in the Collaborative Learning Environment.   In Dave Snowdon and Elizabeth Churchill, eds.,  Collaborative Virtual Environments '98.  Proceedings, CVE '98, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 17th-19th June 1998, p. 135-136.  [poster] (University of Twente, The Netherlands)

Lim, Cher P.; Nonis, Darren; and Hedberg, John.  Gaming in a 3D Multiuser Virtual Environment:  Engaging Students in Science Lessons.  British Journal of Educational Technology  vol. 37 no. 2  (March 2006), p. 211-231.

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Distributed Virtual Environments for Collective Training.  In Proceedings of the 1998 IMAGE Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, August 7, 1998.

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Shared Virtual Environments for Aerospace Training.  In Computer Graphics Annual Conference Proceedings, SIGGRAPH 96, p. 495-496.

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Shared Virtual Environments for Mission Planning and Team Training.  In Proceedings of the Conference on Human and Organizational Issues for the Army after Next, Washington, DC, November 13-15, 1997.

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Shared Virtual Environments for Collective Training.  In Proceedings of NATO Research Study Group 28 Workshop, Orlando, Florida, December 5-9, 1997.

Lorenzetti, Jennifer P.  Teaching in Second Life:  A Brief FAQ.  Distance Education Report, vol. 11, no. 14 (2007), p. 1-2.

Maher, C.; and Corbit, Margaret.  Creating Genetic Applications for Informal Science Learning in Multi-User Virtual Environments or Virtual Worlds.  In Proceedings of IEEE 10th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies:  Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises.

McCarthy, Laurie; Stiles, Randy; Johnson, Lewis; and Rickel, Jeff.  Enabling Team Training in Virtual Environments.  In Dave Snowdon and Elizabeth Churchill, eds.,  Collaborative Virtual Environments '98.  Proceedings, CVE '98, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 17th-19th June 1998, p. 113-121.

Moore, David; Yufang Cheng; McGrath, Paul; and Powell, Norman.  Collaborative Virtual Environment Technology for People With Autism.  Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities  vol. 20 no. 4  (Winter 2005), p. 231-243.

Nelson, Brian; Jass Keteihut, Diane; Clarke, Jody; Bowman, Cassie; and Dede, Chris.  Design-Based Research Strategies for Developing a Scientific Inquiry Curriculum in a Multi-User Virtual Environment.  Educational Technology  vol. 45 no. 1  (January/February 2005), p. 21-28.

O'Rourke, B, and Schwienhorst, Klaus.  Learner Databases and Virtual Worlds - Creating Collaborative Learning Environments on the Internet.  In M. Ruane;  D. P. O'Baoill, eds., Integrating Theory and Practice in LSP and LAP, p. 123-132).  Dublin:  ALC & IRAAL, 2000.

Oishi, Lindsay.  Surfing Second Life.  Technology and Learning, vol. 27, no. 11 (2007), p. 54-64.

Orphan, Stephanie.  San Jose State Opens Second Life Campus.  College & Research Libraries News, vol. 68, no. 6 (2007), p. 342.

Portugal, Roberto C.; Guerrero, Luis A.; and Fuller, David A.  DeskTOP, a System Based on Virtual Spaces to Support and to Promote Collaborative Learning.  In  Elizabeth Churchill and Martin Reddy, eds.,  CVE 2000.  Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments, September 1-12, 2000, San Francisco, CA, p. 199-200.  New York, NY:  The Association for Computing Machinery.  Available from ACM Order Department, P. O. Box 11405, New York, NY 10286-1405 USA.  [poster]

Redfern, Sam, and Naughton, Niall.  Collaborative Virtual Environments to Support Communication and Community in Internet-Based Distance Education.  Journal of Information Technology Education  vol. 1  no. 3  (2002), p. 201-211.

Riedl, Richard.  Building a Program in a Virtual World.  In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2004, p. 424-431.  Chesapeake, VA:  AACE, 2004.

Rubens, Wilfred; Emans, Bruno; Leinonen, Teemu; Skarmeta, Antonio Gomez; and Simons, Robert-Jan.  Design of Web-Based Collaborative Learning Environments.  Translating the Pedagogical Learning Principles to Human Computer Interface.  Computers & Education  vol. 45 no. 3  (November 2005), p. 276-294.

Schwienhorst, Klaus.  Teacher Autonomy in Multiple-User Domains:  Supporting Language Teaching in Collaborative Virtual Environments.  Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education vol. 8  no. 2  (1999), 199-214.

Stevens, Vance.  Second Life in Education and Language Learning.  TESL-EJ, vol. 10, no. 3 (2006), p. 1-4.

Strohecker, Carol.  The Zircus Concept Sketch for a Learning Environment and Online Community.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 6  no. 3  (June 1997), p.  339-349.  [MIT Press journal]

Tashner, John; Riedl, Richard; and Bronack, Steve.  3-D Web-Based Worlds for Instruction.   In Caroline Crawford, Dee Anna Willis, Roger Carlsen, Ian Gibson, Karen McFerrin, Jerry Price, and Roberta Weber, eds.,  Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2005 2005:1 (2005), p. 2114-2118.  Chesapeake, VA:  Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 2005.

Turner, Phil, and Turner, Susan.  Imbedding Context of Use in CVE Design.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 11  no. 6  (December 2002), 665-676.  [MIT Press journal] (Safety-critical training.  Maritime training.)

Winn, William D.  Learning in Shared Virtual Environments.  In Proceedings, International Conference on Computers in Education, Kuching, Malaysia.  Charlottesville, VA:  AACE, December 1997.

Winograd, David.  Chris Dede on Emerging Technologies that Enable Distributed-Learning Communities.  TechTrends:  Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning  vol. 49  no. 1  (January/February 2005), p. 39-40.

Young, Jeffrey R.  Virtual Reality on a Desktop Hailed as New Tool in Distance Education.  The Chronicle of Higher Education  vol. 47  no. 6  (October 6, 2000), A43-44.

Disabilities - Education and Training

Disabled People Use Virtual Reality.  News for You  vol. 42  no. 23  (June 15, 1994), p. 3.  (Includes VR as way to teach disabled how to drive motorized wheelchair.)

In Virtual Reality, Tools for the Disabled. The New York Times  (April 13, 1994), section C, p. 1, 6.  (Includes VR as way to teach disabled children how to drive motorized wheelchair, and other projects.)

Andrews, T. K.  Virtual Environments and Memory Training:  A Preliminary Investigation into the Feasibility and Efficacy of Training Amnesic Patients in a Virtual Environment.  Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of East London, 1999.

Beardon, L.; Parsons, S.; & Neale, H.  An Inter-Disciplinary Approach to Investigating the Use of Virtual Reality Environments for People With Asperger Syndrome.  Educational and Child Psychology  vol. 18  (2001), p. 53-62.

Brooks, B. M.; McNeil, J. E.; Rose, F. D.; Greenwood, R. J.; Attree, E. A. and Leadbetter, A. G.  Route Learning in a Case of Amnesia:  The Efficacy of Training in a Virtual Environment.  Neuropsychological Rehabilitation  vol. 9   no. 1 (1999), p. 63-76.

Brown, D. J.; Kerr, S. J.; and Wilson, J. R.  VE in Special Needs Education: The LIVE Programme at the University of Nottingham.  Communications of the ACM  vol. 40, no.8  (August 1997), p72-75.

Buckert-Donelson.  VR People:  Dean Inman.  VR World  vol. 3  no. 1  (January/February 1995), p. 23-26.  (Interview with director of VR project to train disabled children to maneuver motorized wheelchairs.)

Charitos, Dimitrios; Karadanos, Georgios; Sereti, Ekaterini; Triantafillou, Stathis; Koukouvinou, Sofia; and Martakos, Drakoulis.  Employing Virtual Reality for Aiding the Organization of Autistic Children Behaviour in Everyday Tasks.  Paper deliered at ICDVRAT 2000, Sardenia.  Paper available from Dr. Dimitrios Charitos, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.  Email:  virtual@di.uoa.gr

Cleal, B.; Giles, W.; and Schroeder, R.  Virtual Reality im Sprachunterricht fur Sprachbehinderte. "Virtual Reality as a Tool for Teaching Language to the Learning Disabled."  In H. J. Warnecke and H. J. Bullinger, eds., Virtual Reality: Anwendungen und Trends.   Berlin:  Springer, 1994.  (Learning disabled.)

Cobb, S.; Beardon, L.; Eastgate, R.; Glover, T.; Kerr, S. J.; Neale, H.; Parsons, S.; Benford, S.; Hopkins, E.; Mitchell, P.; Reynard, G.; and Wilson, J.  Applied Virtual Environments to Support Learning of Social Interaction Skills in Users With Asperger's Syndrome.  Digital Creativity  vol. 13  no.  1  (2002), p. 11-22.

Cobb, S. V.; Neale, H. R.; and Reynolds, H.  Evaluation of Virtual Learning Environments.  In Proceedings of 2nd European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, Skövde, Sweden, 1998, p. 17-23.   Reading, UK: ECDVRAT and University of Reading, 1998.

Crombie, J. J.; Standen, P. J.; Newman, J.; and Tasker, H.  Successful Transfer to the Real World of Skills Practiced in Virtual Environments by Students with Severe Learning Difficulties.  In Paul Sharkey, ed., Proceedings, 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK, 1996, p. 103-109.

Cromby, John J.; Standen, Penny J.; and Brown, David J.  The Potentials of Virtual Environments in the Education and Training of People with Learning Disabilities.  Journal of Intellectual Disability Research  vol. 40  no. 6  (1996), p. 489-501.

Cromby, John; Standen, Penny; and Brown, David.   Using Virtual Environments in Special Education.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995).

Darrow, Melissa Salem.  Increasing Research and Development of Virtual Reality in Education and Special Education:  What About Mental Retardation?   VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 5-8.

Darrow, Melissa, and Powers, David.  A Promising Future for Applications of Virtual Reality to Special Education Best Practices.  In H. J. Murphy, ed., Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference, Virtual Reality and Disabilities, p. 42-46.  Northridge, California:  California State Center on Disabilities, 1993.

Dickson, Stewart.  Scientific Concretization:  Relevance to the Visually Impaired Student.   VR in the Schools  vol. 1, no. 4  (March 1996), p. 9-12.

Foreman, Nigel P.  Finding a Place for Virtual Reality in Special Needs Education:  A Review.  Themes in Education  vol.  1  no. 4  (Autumn 2000), p. 391- 408.  [Leader Books journal.  17 Panagi Kyriakolu Street, Athens, Greece  GR-11521]

Holden, M.; Todorov, E.; Callahan, J.; and Bizzi, E.  Virtual Environment Training Improves Motor Performance in Two Patients With Stroke:  Case Report.  Neurology Report  23  (1999), p. 57-67.

Holden, Maureen K., and Todorov, Emanuel.  Use of Virtual Environments in Motor Learning and Rehabilitation.  In Kay M. Stanney, ed., Handbook of Virtual Environments; Design, Implementation, and Applications, p. 999-1026.  Mahwah, NJ & London:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2002.

Holdsworth, Nick.   Driving to a New World.  Times Educational Supplement  no. 4014 (June 4, 1993), p. SS17.  (VR and children with severe learning difficulties, problems with abstracts and complex language.)

Inman, Dean P.; Loge, K.; and Leavens, J.  VR Education and Rehabilitation.  Communications of the ACM  vol. 40 (1997), p. 53-58.

Lahav, Orly, and Mioduser, David.  Exploration of Unknown Spaces by People Who Are Blind Using a Multi-Sensory Virtual Environment.   Journal of Special Education Technology  vol. 19 no. 3   (Summer 2004), p. 15-23.

Lannen, T. L.; Brown, D. J.; and Powell, H. M.  Access to Virtual Learning Environments for People with Learning Difficulties.  In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, Alghero, Sardinia, 23-25th September, 2000.   Reading, UK:  University of Reading, 2000.

Lannen, T. L.; Brown, D. J.; and Standen, P. J.  Design of Virtual Environment Input Devices for People with Moderate to Severe Learning Difficulties – A User-Centred Approach.   In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, Veszprém, Hungary, September 2002, p. 155-162.  Reading, UK:  ICDVRAT/University of Reading, 2002.

Leonard, A.; Mitchell, P.; and Parsons, S.  Finding a Place to Sit:  A Preliminary Investigation Into the Effectiveness of Virtual Environments for Social Skills Training for People With Autistic Spectrum Disorders.  In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality & Associated Technologies, Veszprém, Hungary, September 2002, p. 249-257.  Reading, UK:  ICDVRAT/University of Reading, 2002. 

Marcus, Stephen.  Virtual Realities:  From the Concrete to the Barely Imaginable.  In Harry J. Murphy, ed., Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities.  Conference Proceedings, Los Angeles, CA, March 18-21, 1992, p. 31-35.  Northridge, California:  CSUN Office of Disabled Student Services, 1992.  (General.)

Matheis, R. J.; Schultheis, M. T.; and Rizzo, A. A.  Learning and Memory in a Virtual Office Environment.  In Grigore C. Burdea, Daniel Thalmann, and Jeffrey A. lewis, eds., Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Virtual Rehabilitation, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, September 21-22, 2003, p. 48-54.    Piscataway, NJ:  Rutgers School of Engineering, Rutgers University, 2003.

McKeown, Sally.  Learning Through a Looking-Glass Universe.  Times Educational Supplement  no. 3984 (November 6, 1992), Supp. UPDATE p. 13.  (Teaching students with severe learning difficulties, using Superscape. See also D. J. Brown, et al.)

McKeown, Sally, and Stone, Nina.  Steps Towards Another World.  Times Educational Supplement  no. 4086  (October 21, 1994), p. VIII.  (Disabled students and VR.)

Mendozzi, L.; Pugnetti, L.; Barbieri, E.; Attree, E. A.; Rose, F. D.; Moro, W.; Loconte, A.; Corrales, B.; Maj, L.; Elliott-Square, A.; Massara, F.; and Cutelli, E.  VIRT-Factory Trainer Project.  A Generic Productive Process to Train Persons with Disabilities.  In Proceedings of the International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies-ICDVAT 2000, Alghero, Sardinia, p. 115-122.  Reading, UK:  University of Reading, 2000.

Miller, Erez Cedric.  Special Experiences for Exceptional Students:  Integrating Virtual Reality into Special Education Classrooms.  In Art, Science & Visual Literacy:  Selected Readings from the Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association (24th, Pittsburgh, PA, September 30-October 4, 1992).  (1993)  10 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.  ED363321)

Muscott, Howard S., and Gifford, Timothy.  Virtual Reality and Social Skills Training for Students with Behavioral Disorders:  Applications, Challenges and Promising Practices.  Education and Treatment of Children  vol. 17  no. 4   (Nov 1994), p. 417-34.

Neale, H. R.; Brown, D. J.; Cobb, S. V. G.; and Wilson, J. R.  Structured Evaluation of Virtual Environments for Special-Needs Education.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 8  no. 3  (June 1999), p. 264-282.

Neale, H. R.; Kerr, S. J.; Cobb, S. V. G.; and Leonard, A.  Exploring the Role of Virtual Environments in the Special Needs Classroom.  In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality & Associated Technologies, Veszprem, Hungary, 2002, p. 259-266.  Reading, UK:  ICDVRAT/University of Reading, 2002.

Nemire, Kenneth.  Learning in a Virtual Environment:  Access by Students With Physical Disabilities.  In  Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities, March 14-18, 1995, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A. Northridge, California: California State University, in press, 1995.  Paper with additional data was available from Kenneth Nemire, Interface Technologies Corporation, 1840 41st Avenue, Suite 102, Capitola, CA USA 95010.  (Virtual Environment Science Laboratory for students with disabilities.)

Nemire, Ken.  Virtual Environment Science Laboratory (VESLTM)  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 2  (September 1995), p. 9.

Nemire, Kenneth.  Virtual Laboratory for Disabled Students.  In Harry J. Murphy, ed., Proceedings of the Second Annual International Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons With Disabilities.  Northridge, California:  California State University, in press, 1994.  (Science laboratory for disabled students.)

Nemire, Kenneth, and Crane, Rebecca.  Designing a Virtual Science Laboratory to Accommodate Needs of Students With Cerebral Palsy.  To appear in Proceedings of the Third Annual International Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities. Northridge, California:  California State University, 1995.  Paper with additional data was available from Kenneth Nemire, Interface Technologies Corporation, 1840 41st Avenue, Suite 102, Capitola, CA USA 95010.   (Science laboratory for disabled students.)

Nemire, Kenneth; Burke, Adam; and Jacoby, Richard.  A Virtual Learning Environment for Disabled Students.  In Harry J. Murphy, ed., Proceedings of the First Annual International  Conferenceon Virtual Reality and Persons With Disabilities, p. 81-92.  Northridge, California:  California State University, 1993.  (Science laboratory for disabled students.)

Nemire, Kenneth; Burke, Adam; and Jacoby, Richard.  Human Factors Engineering of a Virtual Laboratory for Students with Physical Disabilities.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 3 no. 3  (Summer 1994), p. 216-226.  (Virtual physics laboratory for disabled students.)

Nemire, Kenneth; Burke, Adam; and Jacoby, Richard.   Virtual Learning Environment for Disabled Students:  Modular Assistive Technology for Physics Instruction.  Paper presented at the 1993 Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities, San Francisco, California, June 15, 1993.

Nissen, John C. D.   Virtual Reality Tactile System for Access to Graphics.  Information Technology and Disabilities  vol. 4  no. 1  (1997), p. 3-4.   (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED437746)

Oliver, D., and Rothman, P.   Virtual Reality Games for Teaching Conflict Management With Seriously Emotionally Disturbed and Learning Disabled Children.  In H. J. Murphy, ed., Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference Virtual Reality and Disabilities, p. 99-102.  Northridge, California:  California State Center on Disabilities, 1993.

Parsons, Sarah.  Use, Understanding and Learning in Virtual Environments by Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders.  Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine  vol. 3  (2005), p. 207-215.

Parsons, Sarah., and Mitchell, P.  The Potential of Virtual Reality in Social Skills Training for People with Autistic Spectrum Disorders.  Journal of Intellectual Disability Research  vol. 46  (2002), p. 430-443.

Parsons, Sarah, and Mitchell, P.  Virtual Reality and People with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Informal Observations from the AS Interactive Project.  In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Durham International Conference on Autism, April 4th-6th, 2001, Autism North.  (2001).

Parsons, S.; Beardon, L.; Neale, H. R.; Reynard, G.; Eastgate, R.; Wilson, J. R.; Cobb, S. V.; Benford, S.; Mitchell, P.; and Hopkins, E.  Development of Social Skills amongst Adults with Asperger's Syndrome Using Virtual Environments: The AS Interactive Project.  In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, Alghero, Sardinia, 23-25th September, 2000, p. 163-170.   Reading, UK:  University of Reading, 2000.

Parsons, Sarah; Leonard, Anne; and Mitchell, Peter.  Virtual Environments for Social Skills Training:  Comments From Two Adolescents With Autistic Spectrum Disorder.  Computers & Education  vol. 47 no. 2  (September 2006), pl. 186-206.

Parsons, Sarah; Mitchell, Peter; and Leonard, Anne.  Do Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders Adhere to Social Conventions in Virtual Environments?  Autism:  The International Journal of Research & Practice  vol. 9 no. 1  (February 2005), p. 95-117.

Parsons, Sarah; Mitchell, Peter; and Leonard, Anne.  The Use and Understanding of Virtual Environments by Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders.  Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders  vol. 34 no. 4  (August 2004), p. 449-466.

Passig, David, and Eden, Sigal.  Enhancing Cognitive Skills of Hearing Impaired Children With 3D Rotating Objects in Virtual Reality.  Abstract of study is available from Dr. David Passig, College of Education, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel.  Email:  passig@mail.biu.ac.il

Passig, David, and Eden, Sigal.  Enhancing the Induction Skill of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children With Virtual Reality Technology.  Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education  vol. 5 no. 3 (2000), p. 280-285.  Paper available from Dr. David Passig, College of Education, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel.  Email:  passig@mail.biu.ac.il

Passig, David, and Eden, Sigal.  Improving the Flexible Thinking in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children with Virtual Reality Technology.  American Annals of the Deaf  vol. 145  no. 3  (2000), p. 286-291.

Piron, L.; Dam, M.; Trivello, E.; Iaia, V.; and Tonin, P.  Virtual Environment Training Ameliorates Motor Deficits in Polst-Stroke Patients.  Neurology  52  (1999), p. A138.

Piron, Lamberto; Tonin, Paolo; Piccione, Francesco; Iaia, Vincenzo; Trivello, Elena; and Dam, Mauro.  Virtual Environment Training Therapy for Arm Motor Rehabilitation.   Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 14 no. 6 (December 2005), p. 732-740.

Powers, David A., and Darrow, Melissa.  Special Education and Virtual Reality: Challenges and Possibilities.  Journal of Research on Computing in Education  vol. 27  no. 1  (Fall 1994), p. 111-121.

Pugnetti, L.; Mendozzi, L.; Motta, A.; Cattaneo, A.; Barbieri, E.; and Brancotti, A.  Evaluation and Retraining of Adults' Cognitive Impairments:  Which Role for Virtual Reality Technology?  Computer Biological Medicine  vol. 25 (1995), p. 213-227.

Reid, Denise.  Correlation of the Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire With the Test of Playfulness in a Virtual Environment:  The Power of Engagement.  Early Child Development & Care  vol. 175 no. 2  (February 2005), p. 153-164.

Rose, F. David; Attree, Elizabeth A.; Brooks, Barbara M.; and Andrews, Tresa K.  Learning and Memory in Virtual Environments:  A Role in Neurorehabilitation?  Questions (and Occasional Answers) from the University of East London.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 10 no. 4 (August 2001), p. 345-358.

Rose, F. D.; Attree, E. A.; Brooks, B. M.; Parslow, D. M.; Penn, P. R.; and Ambihaipahan, N.  Transfer of Training from Virtual to Real Environments.  In Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, p. 69-75.  Reading, UK:  University of Reading, 1998.

Rose, F. D.; Attree, E. A.; Brooks, B. M.; Parslow, D. M.; Penn, P. R.; and Ambihaipahan, N.  Training in Virtual Environments:  Transfer to Real World Tasks and Equivalence to Real Task Training.  Ergonomics  vol. 43  no. 4  (2000), p, 494-511.

Rose, F. D.; Brooks, B. M.; and Attree, E. A.  Virtual Reality in Vocational Training of People with Learning Disabilities.  In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies-ICDVRAT2000, Alghero, Sardinia, 23-25 September, 2000, p. 129-135.  Reading, UK:  University of Reading, 2000.

Rose, F. D.; Brooks, B. M.; Attree, E. A.; Parslow, D. M.; Leadbetter, A. G.; McNeil, J. E.; Jayawardena, S.; Greenwood, R.; and Potter, J.  A Preliminary Investigation into the Use of Virtual Environments in Memory Retraining of Patients with Vascular Brain Injury:  Indications for Future Strategy?  Disability and Rehabilitation  vol. 21   (1999), p. 548-554.

Rutten, A.; Cobb, S.; Neale, H.; Kerr, S.; Leonard, A.; Parsons, S.; and Mitchell, P.  The AS Interactive Project:  Single-User and Collaborative Virtual Environments for People with High-Functioning Autistic Spectrum Disorders.  Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation  vol. 14  (2003), p. 1-8.

Sklaroff, Sara.  Virtual Reality Puts Disabled Students in Touch.  Education Week  vol. 13  no. 36  (June 1, 1994), p. 8.  (Science education, disabled students.)

Sprague, D. and Behrmann, M.  Zoning in on Physics:  Creating Virtual Reality Environments to Aid Students with Learning Disabilities.  In T. E. Scruggs and M. A. Mastropieri, eds.   Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities, vol. 15.  Stamford, CT:  JAI.

Standen, P.; Brown, D.; Blake, R.; and Proctor, T.  Effective Strategies of Tutors Teaching Adults with Learning Disabilities to Use Virtual Environments.  In Proceedings of the International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies-ICDVRAT2000, p. 137-143.  Reading, UK:  University of Reading, 2000.

Stanton, D.; Foreman, N.; and Wilson, P. N.  Uses of Virtual Reality in Clinical Training:  Developing the Spatial Skills of Children With Mobility Impairments.  In Giuseppe Riva, B. K. Wiederhold, and E. Molinari, eds., Virtual Environments in Cliinical Psychology and Neuroscience:  Methods and Techniques in Advanced Patient Interaction, p. 219-232.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1998.

Stanton, D.; Wilson, N.; and Foreman, N.  Using Virtual Reality to Enhance Spatial Skills in Disabled Children.  In  Paul Sharkey, ed.,  In Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies.  Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK, 1996.

Stanton, D.; Wilson, P.; Foreman, N.; and Duffy, H.  Virtual Environments as Spatial Training Aids for Children and Adults with Physical Disabilities.  In Proceedings of the International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies-ICDVRAT2000, p. 123-128.  Reading, UK:  University of Reading, 2000.

Strickland, Dorothy.  Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Autism.  In Giuseppe Riva, ed.,  Virtual Reality in Neuro-Psycho-Physiology; Cognitive,and Methodological Issues in Assessment and Treatment, p. 81-86.  Amsterdam, The Netherlands:  IOS Press, 1997.

Strickland, Dorothy; And Others.  Brief Report:  Two Case Studies Using Virtual Reality as a Learning Tool for Autistic Children.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders  vol. 26  no. 6  (December 1996), p. 651-59.

Strickland, Dorothy Cay.  Issues in Virtual Reality:  An Application to Aid Children With Autism; A Portable Head Tracker; And Cortical Brain Activity Measurements in a Virtual World.  Dissertation Abstracts International  vol. 56  no. 8  (February 1996), p. 4437B.

Strickland, Dorothy; Marcus, L.; Hogan, K.; Mesibov, G.; and McAllister, D.  Using Virtual Reality as a Learning Aid for Autistic Children.  In Autisme et Informatique, 3e Congres International Autisme France, p. 119-132.  Nice, Acropolis, 1995.

Todorov, E.; Shadmehr, R.; and Bizzi, E.  Augmented Feedback Presented in a Virtual Environment Accelerates Learning of a Difficult Motor Task.  Journal of Motor Behavior  vol. 29  (1997), p. 147-158.

Wilson, P. N.; Foreman, N.; and Stanton, D.  Improving Spatial Awareness in Physically Disabled Children Using Virtual Environments.  Engineering Science and Education Journal  vol. 8  (1999), p. 196-200.

Wilson, P. N.; Foreman, N.; and Tlauka, M.  Transfer of Spatial Information from a Virtual to a Real Environment in Physically Disabled Children.  Disability and Rehabilitation  vol. 18  (1996), p. 633-637.

Woodward, John.  Virtual Reality and Its Potential Use in Special Education.  Identifying Emerging Issues and Trends in Technology for Special Education.  Washington, DC:  COSMOS Corporation, 1992.  15 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 350766)

Medical Education and Training
 

Medical Corpsmen and Casualties for Medical Forces Planning and Training.  In Proceedings of the National Forum:  Military Telemedicine, On-Line Today Research, Practice, and Opportunities, p. 21-28.  Los Alamitos, CA:  IEEE Computer Society Press,

Amato, Ivan.  Helping Doctors Feel Better.  Technology Review  vol. 104  no. 3  (April 2001), p. 64-68, 71.

Bro-Nielsen, M., Tasto, J. L.; Cunningham, R.; and Merril, G. L.  PreOp Endoscopic Simulator:  A PC-based Immersive Training System for Bronchoscopy.  Medicine Meets Virtual Reality.   Convergence of Physical and Informational Technologies:  Options for a New Era in Healthcare  vol. 7, (1999), p. 76-82.

Burdea, Grigore; Patounakis, George; Popescu, Viorel; & Weiss, R.  Virtual Reality-based Training for the Diagnosis of Prostrate Cancer.  IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering  vol. 46  no. 10  (October 1999), p. 1253-1260.

Burdea, Grigore; Patounakis, George; Popescu, Viorel; & Weiss, R.  Virtual Reality Training for the Diagnosis of Prostrate Cancer.  IEEE Proceedings of Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB'98), Washington, DC, p. 6-13.

Delp, Scott L.; Loan, Peter; Basdogan, Cagatay; and Rosen, Joseph M.  Surgical Simulation:  An Emerging Technology for Training in Emergency Medicine.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 6  no. 2  (April 1997), p. 147-159.  [MIT Press journal]

Dinsmore, M.; Langrana, N.; Burdea, Grigore; and Ladeji, J.   Virtual Reality Training Simulation for Palpation of Subsurface Tumors.   IEEE Proceedings of International Symposium on Virtual Reality and Applications (VRAIS'97), Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 1997, p. 54-60.

Downes, M.; Cavusoglu, M.; Gantert, W.; Way, L.; and Tendick, F.   Virtual Environments for Training Critical Skills in Laparoscopiic Surgery.  Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  6  (1998), p. 316-322.

Dunkley, Peta. Virtual Reality in Medical Training.  Lancet  vol. 343  no. 8907  (May 14, 1994), p. 1218.

Engel, T.; Applegate, R. II; and Applegate, P.   An Interactive Electronics Book for Learning Transesophageal Echocardiography.  In R. M. Satava, K. Morgan, and H. B. Sieburg, and others, eds., Proceedings of the Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare, p. 112-113.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1995.

Eyal, Roy; and Tendick, Frank.  Spatial Ability and Learning the Use of an Angled Laparoscope in a Virtual Environment.  Studies in Health Technology and Informatics  vol. 81 (2001), p. 146-152.

Feygin, D.avid;  Keehner, M.; and Tendick, F.  Haptic Guidance:  Experimental Evaluation of a Haptic Training Method for a Perceptual Motor Skill.  Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (Haptics 2002), p. 40-47.  (2002)

Gallagher, Anthony G. and Cates, Christopher U.  Approval of Virtual Reality Straining for Carotid Stenting:  What This Means for Procedural-Based Medicine.    JAMA:  The Journal of the American Medical Assoication  vol. 292, no. 24  (December 22, 2004), p. 3024-3026. 

Gallagher, Anthony G. and Cates, Christopher U.  Letter.  JAMA:  The Journal of the American Medical Assoication  vol. 293, no. 17  (May 4, 2005), p. 2091-2092.   [Response to letter to the editor of The Journal of the American Medical Association regarding virtual reality training for carotid stenting.]

Hartman,  Jonathan.  Letter.  JAMA:  The Journal of the American Medical Assoication  vol. 293, no. 17  (May 4, 2005), p. 2091-2092.   [Letter to the editor of The Journal of the American Medical Association regarding virtual reality training for carotid stenting.]

Higgins, Gerald A.; Merrill, Gregory L.; Hettinger, Lawrence J.; Kaufmann, Christoph R.; Champion, Howard R.; and Satava, Richard M.  New Surgical Technologies for Surgical Training and Certification:  Current Status and Future Projections.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 6  no. 2  (April 1997), p. 160-172.    [MIT Press journal]

Hoffman, H. M.  Virtual Reality and the Medical Curriculum:  Integrating Extant and Emerging Technologies.  In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II:   Interactive Technology & Healthcare: Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics, p. 73-76. San Diego, California:  Aligned Management Associates, 1994.

Hoffman, H. M.  Virtual Reality Meets Medical Education.  In R. M. Satava, K. Morgan, and H. B. Sieburg, and others, eds., Proceedings of the Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare, p. 130-136.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1995.

Hoffman, Helen, and Vu, Dzung.  Virtual Reality:  Teaching Tool of the Twenty-First Century?  Academic Medicine vol. 72  no. 12  (December 1997) p. 1076-81.

Hoffman, Helene, and Others.  Virtual Reality-Multimedia Synthesis:  Next-Generation Learning Environments for Medical Education.  Journal of Biocommunication (JBC)  vol. 22  no. 3  (1995), p. 2-7.

Holden, M.; Todorov, E.; Callahan, J.; and Bizzi, E.  Virtual Environment Training Improves Motor Performance with Stroke.  Neuro. Report  vol. 29  no. 9  (1999), p. 57-67.

Hubal, R. C.; Kizakevich, P. N.; Guinn, C. I.; Merino, K. D.; and West, S. L.  The Virtual Standardized Patient:  Simulated Patient-Practitioner Dialog for Patient Interview Training.  Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2000  vol. 70 (2000), p. 133-138.

Ilie, Adrian; Low, Kok-Lim; Welch, Greg; Lastra, Anselmo;  Fuchs, Henry; and Cairns, Bruce.   Combining Head-Mounted and Projector-Based Displays for Surgical Training.   Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol.  13, no. 2  (April 2004), p. 128-145.

Jense, G. J., and Kuijper, F.  Applying Virtual Environments to Training and Simulation.  The Annual Meeting of the Applied Vision Association, "Simulated and Virtual Realities."  Abstract in Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians vol. 13  no. 4  (1993), p. 434-440.

Johnston, R.; Bhoyrul, S.; Way, L. W.; Satava, R. M.; McGovern, K.; Fletcher, J. D.; Rangel, S.; and Loftin, R. B.  Assessing a Virtual Reality Surgical Skills Simulator.  In S. J. Weghorst; H. B. Sieburg; and K. Morgan, eds.  Health Care in the Information Age:  Future Tools for Transforming Medicine, p. 608-617. Washington, DC:  IOS Press, 1996.  (Medicine Meets Virtual Reality, 4 )

Johnston, Rob; McGovern, Kevin; and Bhogrul, Sunil.  Training Surgeons:  Improvement Is Just a Simulator Away.  Virtual Reality Special Report  vol. 3  no. 1  (January/February 1996), p. 18-21.

Kancheria, A.; Rolland, J.; Wright, D.; and Burdea, Grigore.  A Novel Virtual Reality Tool for Teaching Dynamic 3D Anatomy.  Proceedings of CVRMed'95 Conference, Nice, France, April, 1995, p. 163-169.

Kizakevich, Paul N.; McCartney, M. L.; Nissman, D. B.; Starko, K.; and Smith, N. T.  Virtual Medical Trainer:  Patient Assessment and Trauma Care Simulator.  Studies in Health Technology and Informatics  vol. 50 (1998), p. 309-315.

Kuhnapfel, U.; Cakmak, H. K.; and Maass, H.  Endoscopic Surgery Training Using Virtual Reality and Deformable Tissue Simulation.  Computers & Graphics  vol. 24  (2000), p. 671-682.

Kuhnapfel, U.; Kuhn, C.; Hubner, M.; Krumm, H.; Maass, H.; and Neisius, B.  The Karlsruhe Endoscopic Surgery Trainer as an Example for Virtual Reality in Medical Education.  Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Technologies  vol. 6  (1997), p. 122-125.

Liu, Alan; Tendick, Frank; Cleary, Kevin; and Kaufmann, Christoph.  A Survey of Surgical Simulation:  Applications, Technology, and Education.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 12  no. 6  (December 2003), p. 599-614.

Loftin, R. B.; Ota, D.; Saito, T.; and Voss, M.   A Virtual Environment for Laparoscopic Surgical Training.  In Proceedings of Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II:  Interactive Technology and Healthcare:  Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics, p. 121-123.  San Diego, California:  Aligned Management Associates, 1994.

Lok, Benjamin; Ferdig, Richard E.; Raij, Andrew; Johnsen, Kyle; Dickerson, Robert; Coutts, Jade; Stevens, Amy; and Lind, D. Scott.  Applying Virtual Reality in Medical Communication Education:  Current Findings and Potential Teaching and Learning Benefits of Immersive Virtual Patients.  Virtual Reality  vol. 10 no. 3-4 (December 2006), p. 185-195.

Mangan, Katherine A.  Teaching Surgery Without a Patient.  Chronicle of Higher Education  vol. 46  no. 25  (February 25, 2000), p. A49-A50.

McCarthy, A.; Harley, P.;  and Smallwood, R.  Virtual Arthroscopy Traininbg:  Do the "Virtual Skills" Developed Match the Real Skills Required?  Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  7, p. 221-227 .  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1999.

McGovern, K.  Surgical Training.  Paper presented at the Virtual Reality Expo '94, New York, New York, November 30, 1994.

Merril, J. R.  VR for Medical Training and Trade Show "Fly-Paper."  Virtual Reality World  vol. 2  no. 3  (May 1994), p. 53-57.

Merril, J. R.  VR in Medical Education:  Use for Trade Shows and Individual Physician Education.  Paper presented at the Virtual Reality '94 Conference, San Jose, California, May 12, 1994.

Merril, Jonathan. R.  Surgery on the Cutting-Edge:  Virtual Reality Applications in Medical Education.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 1  nos. 3-4  (November/December 1993), p. 34-38.

Merril, Jonathan R.  Why I Simulate Surgery ... Notes from the Surgical Field.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 2  no. 6  (November/December 1994), p. 54-57.

Merril, Jonathan; Millman, Alan; Raju, Rakesh; and Roy, Rita.  Window to the Soul:  Teaching Physiology of the Eye.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 3  no. 1  (November/December 1993), p. 51-53.

Merril, J. R.; Raju, R.; and Roy, R. T.   VR Applications in Medical Education.  Virtual Reality Special Report  no. 1  (1994), p. 61-66.

Merril, J. R.; Roy, R.; and Raju, R.  Virtual Reality for Trade Shows and Individual Physician Training.  Virtual Reality Systems  vol. 1  no. 3  (1994), p. 40-44.

Montgomery, K.; Bruyns, C.; Wildermuth, S.; Hasser, C.; Ozenne, S.; Bailey, D.; and Heinrichs, L.  Surgical Simulator for Hysteroscopy:  A Case Study of Visualization in Surgical Training.  IEEE Visualization, 2001.  (2001)

Montgomery, K.; Thonier, G.; Stephanides, M.; and Schendel, S.  Virtual Reality Based Surgical Assistance and Training System for Long Duration Space Missions.  Studies in Health Technology and Informatics  vol. 81  (2001), p. 315-321.

Muller, W., and Bockholt, U.  The Virtual Reality Arthroscopy Training Simulator.  In J. Westwood, et al, eds.,  Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  6, p. 13-19.  Amsterdam:   IOS Press,  1998.

Neumann, P.; Sadler, L.; and Gieser, J.  Virtual Reality Vitrectomy Simulator.  In W. Wells; A. Colchester; and S. Delp, eds.,  Proceedings, International Conference Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI), p. 910-917.  Berlin:  Springer, 1998.

Ota, D.; Loftin, R. Bowen; Saito, T.; Lea, R.; and Keller, J.   Virtual Reality in Surgical Education.  Computers in Biology and Medicine  vol. 25  no. 2 (1995), p. 127-137.

O'Toole, R.; Playter, R.; Krummel, T.; Blank, W.; Cornelius, N.; Roberts, W., et al.  Assessing Skill and Learning in Surgeons and Medical Students Using a Force Feedback Surgical Simulator.  In W. Wells; A. Colchester; and S. Delp, eds.,  Proceedings, International Conference Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI), p. 899-909.  Berlin:  Springer, 1998.

Pace, Cheryl S.   Virtual Reality in Medicine and Medical Education.  In R. Bruce Miller and Milton T. Wolf, eds., Thinking Robots, an Aware Internet, and Cyberpunk Librarians, p. 137-140.  Chicago, Ilinois:  Library and Information Technology Association, 1992.

Payer, A. F., and Voss, J. M.  Development of Virtual Environments for Medical Education and Training.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on  Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 69.  Houston, Texas:  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

Peifer, J.; Curtis, W.; and Sinclair, M.  Applied Virtual Reality for Simulation of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP).  In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  4, p. 36-42.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1996.

Peugnet, F.; Dubois, P.; and Rouland, J.-F.  Residents' Training to Retinal Photocoagulation:  Virtual Reality Compared to Conventional Apprenticeship.  SPIE Conference 3262 on Surgical-Assist Systems, p. 63-73.  (1998)

Prince, J.; Summer, S. K.; and Long, M.  Dimensional Visualization - Applications for Healthcare and Education.  In Medicine Meets Virtual Reality II:   Interactive Technology & Healthcare:  Visionary Applications for Simulation Visualization Robotics, p. 179-181.  San Diego, California:  Aligned Management Associates.

Pugnetti, L.; Mendozzi, L.; Motta, A.; and others.  Immersive Virtual Reality to Assist Retraining of Acquired Cognitive Deficits:  First Results With a Dedicated System.  In R. M. Satava, K. Morgan, and H. B. Sieburg, and others, eds., Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare, p. 289-297.  Amsterdam:  IOS  Press, 1995.

Satava, Richard M.  Advanced Simulation Technologies for Surgical Education.  Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons  vol. 81  no. 7  (1996), p. 77-81.

Satava, Richard M., and Jones, Shaun B.  Medical Applications of Virtual Environments.  In Kay M. Stanney, ed.  Handbook of Virtual Environments; Design, Implementation, and Applications, p. 937-957.  Mahwah, NJ & London:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2002.

Satava, Richard M., and Jones, Shaun B.  Virtual Environments for Medical Training and Education.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 6  no. 2  (April 1997), p. 139-146  [MIT Press journal]

Sellberg, M.; Murray, D.; Knapp, D.; and others.  Virtual Human (TM).  An Automated Virtual Environment for Computer-Aided Instruction and Biomechanical Analysis.  In R. M. Satava, K. Morgan, Sieburg, H. B., and others, eds., Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Healthcare, p. 340-348.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1995.

Seymour, N. E.; Gallagher, A. G.; Roman, S. A.; O'Brien, M. K.; Bansal, V. K.; Andersen, D. K.; and Satava, R. M.  Virtual Reality Training Improves Operating Room Performance:  Results of a Randomized, Double-blinded Study.  Annals of Surgery  vol. 236, no. 4  (2002), 458-464.

Stredney, D.; Sessanna, D.; McDonald, J.; Hiemenz, L.; and Rosenberg, L.  A Virtual Simulation Environment for Learning Epidural Anesthesia.  In S. Weghorst, et al, eds., Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  4, p. 164-175.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1996.

Stredney, D.; Wiet, G. J.; Yagel, R.; Sessanna, D.; Kurzion, Y.; and Fontana, M.; et al.  A Comparative Analysis of Integrating Visual Representations With Haptic Displays.  In J. Westwood, et al, eds., Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  6, p. 20-26.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1998.

Ström, P;  Kjellin, A.; Hedman, L.; Johnson, E.; Wredmark, T.; and Felländer-Tsai, L.  Validation and Learning in the Procedicus KSA Virtual Reality Surgical Simulator.   Surgical Endoscopy vol. 17 no. 2 (February 2003), p. 227-231.

Stytz, M. R., and Block, E.  On Improving Situation Awareness in Large-Scale, Distributed Virtual Realities Used for Military Training.  In Proceedings of Montpellier ' '94. 3rd International Conference, Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds, p. 203-216.  Nonterre, France:  EC2, 1994.

Szekely, G.; Bajka, M.; Brechbuhler, C.; Dual, J.; Enzler, R.; and Haller, U.; et al.  Virtual Reality Based Surgery Simulation for Endoscopic Gynaecology.  In J. Westwood, et al,  Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  7, p. 351-357.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1999.

Taffinder, N.; Sutton, C.; Fishwick, R.; McManus, I.; and Darzi, A.  Validation of Virtual Reality to Teach and Assess Psychomotor Skills in Laparoscopic Surgery:  Results From Randomised Controlled Studies Using the MIST VR Laparoscopic Simulator.  Medicine Meets Virtual Reality  6, p. 124-130.  Amsterdam:  IOS Press, 1998.

Tendick, F.; Downes, M.; Cavusoglu, M.; Gantert, W.; and Way. L.  Development of Virtual Environments for Training Skills and Reducing Errors in Laparoscopic Surgery.  SPIE Conference 3262 on Surgical-Assist Systems, p. 36-44.  (1998)

Tendick, Frank; Downes, Michael; Goktekin, Tolga; Cavusoglu, Murat Cenk; Feygin, David; Wu, Xunlei; Eyal, Roy; Hegarty, Mary; and Way, Lawrence W.  A Virtual Environment Test Bed for Training Laparoscopic Surgical Skills.   Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 9 no. 3 (2000), p. 236-255.

van Dam, A.; Fuchs, H.; Becker, S.; Holden, L.; Ilie, A.; Low, K.-L.; et al.  Immersive Electronic Books fror Teaching Surgical Procedures.  In Proceedings of the Pre-ICAT CREST Symposium on Telecommunication, Teleimmersion, and Telexistence.  (2002)

Waggoner, J.  Virtual Reality Can Train Surgeons as Well as Pilots.   Biophotonics International  vol. 2  no. 3, p. 52-53.

Museum Education

Bearman, David, and Trant, Jennifer, eds.  Museums and the Web 1999:  Selected Papers from an International Conference.  (1999)  246 p.  Archives and Museum Informatics, 2008 Murray Ave., Suite D, Pittsburgh, PA 15217 http://www.archimuse.com  (ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED432996)  (Selected papers from the Museums and the Web Conference, New Orleans, LA, March 11-14, 1999.  Among others, includes:
"Visiting a Museum Together: How To Share a Visit to a Virtual World" (Paolo Paolini, Thimoty Barbieri, Paolo Loiudice, Francesca Alonzo, Giuliano Gaia, Marco Zantil);
"Collaborative Digital Environments for Art Education and Exploration" (Slavko Milekic);
"Museum of the Person: A Brazilian Experience of a Virtual Museum" (Karen Worcman, Jose Santos Matos, Rosali Nunes Henriques);
"Creating an Interactive Student Medium for Learning about the Holocaust" (David Klevan & Arnold Kramer) )

Wazlawick, Raul S.; Rosatelli, Marta C.; Ramos, Edla M. F.; Cybis, Walter A.; Storb, Bernd H.; Schuhmacher, Vera R. N.; Mariani, Antonio C.; Kirner, Tereza; Kirner, Claudio; and Fagundes, Lea C.  Providing More Interactivity to Virtual Museums:  A Proposal for a VR Authoring Tool.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 10  no. 6 (December 2001), p. 647-656.

Training With Virtual Reality

See also Collaborative Virtual Environments section.

VR - NASA's Training Vision.  CyberEdge Journal  vol. 3  no. 3 (May/June 1993), p. 1, 3-5.  (Reports on Intelligent Computer Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology conference for persons from NASA and the military, held at Johnson Space Center, near Houston, Texas, May 5-7, 1993.)

VR in Industrial Training.   VR News  vol. 5  no. 4  (May 1996), p. 31-33.

Achorn, B., and Badler, N.  A Virtual Training Environment with Simulated Agents.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 65-68.  Houston, Texas:  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

Adams, Nina, and Lang, Laura.  VR Improves Motorola Training Program.   AI Expert (May 1995), p. 13-14.  (Training, using VR, on how to operate robotic assembly lines. )

Bailey, Sandra.  Creating a Virtual Reality as a Perceptual Equivalence for Training.   Educational Media International  vol. 31  no. 4  (December 1994), p. 221-223.  (General.)

Baum, D. R.  Virtual Training Devices: Illusion or Reality?  In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Interservice/Industry Training Equipment and Education Conference.  San Antonio, Texas, 1992.

Bliss, James P.; Tidwell, Philip D.; and Guest, Michael.  The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Administering Spatial Navigation Training to Firefighters.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 6  no. 1  (February 1997), p. 73-86.  [MIT Press journal]

Bliss, J. P.; Tidwell, P. D.; Loftin, R. B.; Johnston, R.; Lyde, C.; and Weathington. B.  An Experimental Evaluation of Virtual Reality for Training Teamed Navigation Skills.  In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 1997 Annual Meeting.  New York:  Association for Computing Machinery

Boman, D.; Piantanida, T.; and Schlager, M.  Virtual Environment Systems for Maintenance Training.  Final Report, Volumes 1-4.  Menlo Park, California:  SRI International, February 1993.

Boman, D.; Schlager M.; Gille, J.; and Piantanida, T.  The Readiness of Virtual Environment Technology for Use in Maintenance Training.  In Proceedings of the 14th Interservice/Industry Training Systems Conference, San Antonio, TX, November 2-5, 1992, p. 883-891.  Washington, DC:  National Security Industrial Association, 1992.

Breglia, Denis R., and Fowlkes, David H.  Virtual Environment Training Technology.  In Proceedings of the 1991 International Simulation Technology Conference, p. 204-209.  (1991)

Bricken, William.  Training in Virtual Reality.  In Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Virtual Reality 91: Impacts & Applications, Held in London in June 1991, p. 46-48.  Westport, Connecticut:  Meckler Publishing, 1991.  (General.)

Bruyns, C.; Montgomery, K.; and Wildermuth, S.  A Virtual Environment for Simulated Rat Dissection:  A Case Study of Visualization for Astronaut Training.  IEEE  Visualization 2001.  (2001)

Carr, Clay.  Is Virtual Reality Virtually Here?  Training & Development  vol. 46  no. 10  (October 1992), p. 36-41.  (Best training uses.)

Cater, J. P., and Huffman, S. D.  Use of Remote Access Virtual Environment Network (RAVEN) for Coordinated IVA-EVA Astronaut Training and Evaluation. Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 4  no. 2  (Spring 1995), p. 103-109.  ( Training for Hubble Space Telescope repair.)

Christel, Michael.  Virtual Reality Today on a PC.  Instruction Delivery Systems vol. 6  no. 4  (July/August 1992), p. 6-9.  (VR in a digital video course teaching code inspection process.)

Cotin, S.; Delingette, H.; and Ayache, N.   A Hybrid Classic Model Allowing Real-time Cutting, Deformation, and Force Feedback for Surgery Training and Simulation.  The Visual Computer Journal  vol. 16, no. 8 (2000), p. 437-452.

D'Cruz, M.; Eastgate, R.; and Wilson, J. R.  A Study into the Issues Involved When Applying Virtual Environment Technology to Training Applications.  Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Universe '97.

Denby, B., and Schofield, D.  Role of Virtual Reality in Safety Training of Mine Personnel.  Mining Engineering  vol. 51  no. 10  (October 1999), p. 59-64.

Donelson, Angela.  Fighting Fires in Virtual Worlds.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 2  no. 6  (November/December 1994), p. 6-7.  (Training firefighters.)

Dorner, Ralph; Schafer, Arno; Elcacho, Colette; and Luckas, Volker.   Using VRML for Teaching and Training in Industry.  (1998)  8 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED427699)

Dowding, Tim J.  A Self-Contained Interactive Motorskill Trainer.  In Sandra Kay Helsel, ed.,  Beyond the Vision: The Technology, Research, and Business of Virtual Reality; Proceedings of Virtual Reality '91, the Second Annual Conference on Virtual Reality, Artificial Reality, and Cyberspace, San Francisco, September 23-25, 1991, p. 44-50.  Westport, Connecticut:  Meckler, 1992.

Dowding, Tim J.  Virtual Reality - Is It for Real?  Performance & Instruction  vol. 33  no. 7  (August 1994), p. 20-23.  (Motor skills training.)

Durlach, N. I.; Aviles, W. A.; Pew, R. W.; DiZio, P. A.; and Zeltzer, D. L., eds.  Virtual Environment Technology for Training (VETT). Cambridge, Massachusetts:  BBN, March 1992.  (BBN Report No. 7661.)

Egsegian, R.; Pottman, K.; Farmer, K.; and Zobel, R.  Practical Applications of Virtual Reality to Firefighter Training.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Simulations Multiconference on the International Emergency Management and Engineering Conference, p. 155-160.  San Diego, California:  Society of Computer Simulation, 1993.

Gliddon, Joshua.  Action Stations.  The Bulletin with Newsweek  vol. 120  issue 6353  (December 3, 2002.  (Railway worker training using virtual reality.)

Grant, F. L.; McCarthy, L. S.; Pontecorvo, M. S.; and Stiles, R. J.  Training in Virtual Environments.  In Proceedings of the 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training. Houston, Texas, November 20-22, 1991, p. 320-333.

Greengard, Samuel.  'Virtual' Training Becomes Reality.  Industry Week  vol. 247  no. 2  (January 19, 1998), p. 72+.

Gunther-Mohr, Carol.  Virtual Reality Training Takes Off.  Training & Development  vol. 51 no. 6  (June 1997), p. 47.

Hadipriono, Fabian C.; and Others.  Safety in Construction Using Virtual Reality (SAVR): A Model for Labor Safety.  Working Paper Series WP-022.  (1996).  81 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED397267)

Harm, D. L.; Guedry, F. E.; Parker, D. E.; and Reschke, M. F.  Development and Implementation of Inflight Neurosensory Training for Adaptation/Readaption (INSTAR).  In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 402-406.  Houston, Texas:  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

Harmon, Stephen W., and Kenney, Patrick J.  Virtual Reality Training Environments:  Contexts and Concerns.  Educational Media International  vol. 31  no. 4  (December 1994), p. 228-237.  (Advantages, disadvantages, reasons to use VR, and a case study on VR training for Hubble Space Telescope repair.

Hormann, Jeffrey S.  Virtual Reality:  The Future of Law Enforcement Training.   FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin  vol. 64  (July 1995), p. 7-12.

Hue, P.; Delanney, B.; and Berland J.-C.  Virtual Reality Training Simulator for Long Time Flight.  In R. J. Siedel and Pr. R. Chatelier, eds.,  Virtual Reality.  Training's Future?  Perspectives on Virtual Reality and Related Emerging Technologies, p. 69-76.  New York:  Plenum Press, 1997.

Jense, G. J. H.  Virtual Environments for Design Training, and Decision Support.  Virtual Reality World '95, p. 181-192.  Munich, Germany:  IDG Conference and Seminars, 1995.

Johns, Janet Faye.  Improving Perceptual Skills with Interactive 3-D VRML Scenes.   Journal of Interactive Instruction Development  vol. 10  no. 4  (Spring 1998), p.  3-11.

Johnson, A. D., and Cutt, P. S.  Tactile Feedback and Virtual Environments for Training.  In Proceedings of the 1991 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training, Houston, Texas, November 20-22, 1991, p. 334.

Johnson, W. Lewis; Rickel, Jeff; Stiles, Randy; and Munro, Allen.  Integrating Pedagogical Agents into Virtual Environments.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 7  no. 6  (December 1998), p. 523-546.   [MIT Press journal]  (On using agents to monitor trainee progress and provide guidance and assistance.)

Kalawsky, Roy S.  The Realities of Using Visually Coupled Systems for Training Applications.  In Proceedings of Helmet-Mounted Displays III. SPIE, April 21-22, 1992, vol. 1695, p. 72-82.  Bellingham, Washington:  SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.  (Problems and limitations to be overcome.)

Kenney, Patrick John.  Instructional Design and Technical Development of a Virtual Reality Environment for Solar System Instruction and Exploration.  Master's Thesis, University of Houston, Texas.  MAI 32/03  (June 1994), p. 796.

Kenney, Patrick J., and Saito, Tim.  Results of a Surveyon the Use of a Virtual Environment Technology in Training NASA Flight Controllers for Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission.  (Contract No. NAS 9-18630.)  Houston, Texas: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.  (Training for repair mission in space.)

Kozak, J. J.; Hancock, P. A.; Arthur, E. J.; and Chrysler, S. T.  Transfer of Training from Virtual Reality.  Ergonomics  vol. 36  no. 7  (1993), p. 777-784.   (Experiment with adults on pick-and-place training.)

Lampton, D. R., and Parsons, J. B.  The Fully Immersive Team Training (FITT) Research System:  Design and Implementation.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 10 no. 2 (April 2001), p. 129-141.

Lampton, D. R.; Knerr, B. W.; McDonald, D. P.; Rodriquez, M. E.; and Parsons, J.  Instructional Strategies for Team Training in Virtual Environments.  Proceedings of the 1998 IMAGE Conference, Lampton, DR-1-Lampton, DR-7.  1998.

Lathan, Corinna E.; Tracey, Michael R.; Sebrechts, Marc M.; Clawson, Deborah M.; and Higgins, Gerald A.  Using Virtual Environments as Training Simulators:  Measuring Transfer.  In Kay M. Stanney, ed.,  Handbook of Virtual Environments; Design, Implementation, and Applications, p. 403-414.  Mahwah, NJ & London:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2002.

Lerman, Josh.  Virtue Not to Ski?  Skiing  vol. 45  no. 6  (February 1993), p. 20.  (VR ski training system.)

Loftin, R. Bowen.   A Virtual Trainer for the Hubble Space Mission.   In Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, Orlando, Florida, May 23-25, 1995, p. 927-930.

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Distributed Virtual Environments for Collective Training.  Proceedings of the 1998 IMAGE Conference, Loftin, RB-1-Loftin, RB-6.

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Virtual Environment Technology for Aerospace Training.   VR Systems Magazine  (December, 1993).

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Virtual Environments for Aerospace Training.  In Conference Record Wescon/94 idea/Microelectronics, Anaheim, CA, September 27-29, 1994, p. 384-387.

Loftin, R. Bowen.  Virtual Reality Links Astronaut Training.  Real Time Graphics  vol. 4  no. 4) (October/November, 1995).

Loftin, R. Bowen, and Kenney, Patrick J.  Training the Hubble Space Telescope Flight Team.  IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications  vol. 15  no. 5  (September, 1995), P. 31-37.

Loftin, R. Bowen; Kenney, Patrick J.; Benedetti, Robin; Culbert, Chris; Engelberg, Mark; Jones, Robert; Lucas, Paige; Menniger, Mason; Muratore, John; Nguyen, Lac; Saito, Tim; Savely, Robert T; and Voss, Mark.  Virtual Environments in Training:  NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Mission.  In Proceedings of the 16th Interservice/Industry Training Systems and Education Conference, Orlando, FL, November 28-December 1 1994, Section 2, Paper 12.

Loftin, R. Bowen; Savely, R. T.; Benedetti, R.; Culbert, C.; Pusch, L.; Jones, R.; Lucas, P.; Muratore, J.;  Menninger, M.; Engelberg, M.; Hoblit, J.; Kenney, P.; Nguyen, L.;  Saito, T.; and Voss, M.   Virtual Environments for Training and Education.  In Proceedings of the Technology 2004 Conference, Washington, DC, November, 8-10, 1994.

Loftin, R. Bowen; Savely, R. T.; Benedetti, R.; Culbert, C.; Pusch, L.; Jones, R.; Lucas, P.; Nguyen, L.; Saito, T.; and Voss, M.  Virtual Environment Technology in Training:  Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Mission in 1993.  In R. J. Siedel and P. R. Chatelier, eds.,  Virtual Reality.  Training's Future?  Perspectives on Virtual Reality and Related Emerging Technologies, p. 93-104.  New York:  Plenum Press, 1997.

Magee, L. E.  Virtual Reality Simulator (VRS) for Training Ship Handling Skills.  In R. J. Siedel and Pr. R. Chatelier, eds., Virtual Reality.  Training's Future?  Perspectives on Virtual Reality and Related Emerging Technologies, p. 19-29.  New York:  Plenum Press, 1997.

Massey, L. D.; Kurland, L. C.; McDonald, S. P.; and others.  A Distributed Virtual Environment for Instructor-Based Tactical Team Training.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Twenty Fifth Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference, p. 904-909.  San Diego:  SCS, 1993.

McLellan, Hilary.  Virtual Environments and Situated Learning.   Multimedia Review  vol. 2  no. 3  (Fall 1991), p. 30-37.  (Training in a virtual situated environment.)

Meyer, Catherine, and Dunn-Roberts, Richard.  Virtual Reality: A Strategy for Training in Cross-Cultural Communication.  Educational Media International  vol. 29  no. 3  (September 1992), p.175-80.

Miller, M. S.; Giacoppo, A. S.; and Sebrechts, M. M.  Specificity after Training in Virtual Reality:  A Comparison of Route and Survey Alignment Effects.  Paper presented at Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th  annual meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, September 29 - October 4, 2002.  See also the Proceedings.

Moshell, J. M.; Blau, B. S.; Knerr, B.; Lampton, D. R.; and Bliss, J. P.  A Research Testbed for Virtual Environment Training Applications.  In Proceedings of IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93, p. 486-491.  Piscataway, New Jersey:  IEEE Service Center, 1993.

Mowafy, L., and Thurman, R. A.   Training Pilots to Visualize Large-Scale Spatial Relationships in a Stereoscopic Display.  In Proceedings of the SPIE - the International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 1915.  Stereoscopic Displays and Applications IV, p. 72-81.  Bellingham, Washington:  SPIE, 1993.

Mowafy, L.; Russo, T.; and Miller, L.  Is "Presence" a Training Issue?   In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, p. 124-125.  Los Alamitos, California:  IEEE Society Press, 1993.

Orenstein, David.  Virtual Reality Saves on Training.  Computerworld  vol. 33  no.10, p. 44.

Parsons, J.; Lampton, D. R.; Parsons, K. A.; Knerr, B. W.; Russell, D.; Martin, G.; Daly, J.; Kline, B.; and Weaver, M.  Fully Immersive Team Training:  A Networked Testbed for Ground-based Training Missions.  In Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training Systems and Education Conference, p. 218-228.

Regian, W.  Virtual Reality --- Basic Research for the Effectiveness of Training Transfer.  Paper presented at the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology (ICAT-VET), Houston, Texas, May 6, 1993.

Regian, J. Wesley; Shebilske, Wayne L.; and Monk, John M.  Virtual Reality:  An Instructional Medium for Visual-Spatial Tasks.   Journal of Communication  vol. 42  no. 4  (Autumn 1992), p. 136-149.  (Describes an initial attempt at exploring VR's instructional potential as an interface for simulation-based training, and an agenda for subsequent research.)

Regian, J. Wesley; Shebilske, Wayne L.; and Monk, John M.  A Preliminary Empirical Evaluation of Virtual Reality as a Training Tool for Visual-Spatial Tasks. (AL-TR-1993-0004).  Armstrong Laboratory, Human Resources Directorate, Technical Training Research Division, 7909 Lindbergh Drive, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235-5352, USA.

Rickel, J., and Johnson, W. L.  Animated Agents for Procedural Training in Virtual Reality:  Perception, Cognition, and Motor Control.  Applied Artificial Intelligence  vol. 99  no. 13  (1999), p. 343-392.

Safaric, Riko; Debevc, Matjaz; and Parkin, Rob M.  Telerobotics Experiments via Internet.   IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics  vol. 48  no. 2  (April 2001), p. 424-431.

Salas, Eduardo; Oser, Randall L.; Cannon-Bowers, Janis A.; and Daskarolis-Kring, Eleni.  Team Training in Virtual Environments:  An Event-based Approach.   In Kay M. Stanney, ed.,  Handbook of Virtual Environments; Design, Implementation, and Applications, p. 873-892.  Mahwah, NJ & London:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2002.

Schank, Roger.  Virtual Learning.  A Revolutionary Approach to Building a Highly Skilled Workforce.  New York, NY:  McGraw-Hill, 1997.  185 p.  (Abstract:   ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED417306)

Schlager, M. S.; Mumaw, R. J.; and Hoecker, D. G.  Analytical Tools for Designing Virtual Environment Training systems:  Nuclear Power Plant Maintenance Applications.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 261-269.  Houston, Texas:  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

Seidel, Robert J., and Chatelier, Paul R., eds.  Virtual Reality Training's Future?:  Perspectives on Virtual Reality and RelatedEmerging Technologies.  New York:  Plenum Press, 1997.  (13 papers from March 1995 NATO workshop held in Portsmith, England.)

Stamps, David.  On the Road to Virtual Reality.  Training  vol. 35  no. 9  (September 1998), p. 86+.

Stansfield, S.; Miner, N.; Shawver, D.; and Rogers, D.  An Application of Shared Virtual Reality to Situational Training.  In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium. VRAIS '95, p. 156-161.  Los Alamitos, California:  IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995.

Stansfield, S. A.  A Computer-Based Training System Combining Virtual Reality and Multimedia.  In Proceedings of the 1993 Conference on Intelligent Computer-Aided Training and Virtual Environment Technology, p. 60-64.  Houston, Texas:  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

Stansfield, Sharon A.  A Distributed Virtual Reality Simulation System for Situational Training.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 3  no. 4  (Fall 1994), p. 360-366.

Stedmon, Alex W., and Stone, Robert J.  Re-viewing Reality:  Human Factors of Synthetic Training Environments.  International Journal of Human Computer Studies  vol. 55 no. 4 (October 2001), p. 675-698.

Stiles, Randy; McCarthy, Laurie; Munro, Allen; Pizzini, Q.; Johnson, Lewis; and Rickel, Jeff.  Virtual Environments for Shipboard Training.  Proceedings of the Intelligent Ships Symposium.  1996.

Stone, Robert.  Virtual Reality for Interactive Training:  An Industrial Practitioner's Viewpoint.  International Journal of Human Computer Studies  vol. 55 no. 4  (October 2001), p. 699-711.

Tate, David L.; Sibert, Linda; and King, Tony.  Using Virtual Environments to Train Firefighters.  IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications  vol. 17 no. 6  (1997), p. 23-29.

Thiagarajan, Sivasailam.  The Myths and Realities of Simulations in Performance Technology.  Educational Technology  vol. 38  no. 5   (September/October 1998), p. 35-41.  (Includes virtual reality.)

Treiber, Karin Marie Sefcik.  Exploring Virtual Reality:  Air Traffic Control Training in a Collegiate Setting.  Dissertation Abstracts International  vol. 55  no. 6  (December 1994), p. 1488A.  (Air traffic control training.)

Treiber, Karin.  Sweaty Palms!  Virtual Reality Applied to Training.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Vocational Association Convention (Dallas, Texas, December 9-13, 1994).  (1994)  33 p.   (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED377383)

Tichon , J.  The Potential of Virtual Reality to Improve Education About Psychosis.  In Proceedings of Elearn 2002: World Conference on eLearning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare & Higher Education, October 2002, Montreal.  2002.

Waller, David; Hunt, Earl; and Knapp, David.  The Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in Virtual Environment Training.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 7  no. 2  (April 1998), p. 129-143.

Webber, B. and Badler, N.  Virtual Interactive Collaborators for Simulation and Training.  In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation, p. 199-205.  Orlando, Florida:  Institute for Simulation and Training, 1993. 

Winsch, B. J.; Atwood, N. K.; and Quinkert, K. A.  Using a Distributed Interactive Simulation Environment to Investigate Machine Interface and Training Requirements.  In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting, p. 1033-1037.  Santa Monica, California:  Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1994.

Witmer, B.; Sadowski, W.; and Finkelstein, N.  VE-Based Training Strategies for Acquiring Survey Knowledge.  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 11  no. 1 (2002), p. 1-18.

Yang, Ungyeon, and Kim, Gerard Jounghyun.  Implementation and Evaluation of "Just Follow Me":  An Immersive, VR-based, Motion-Training System.  Presence:  Teleoperators and Virtual Environments  vol. 11  no. 3 ( June 2002), p. 304-323.

Yang, Ungyeon Y., and Kim, Gerard Jounghyun.  "Just Follow Me":  An Immersive VR-based Motion Training System.  In Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, VSMM'99, p. 435-444.

Yang, Ungyeon Y.; Ahn, E. J.; Back, S. M.; and Kim, Gerard Jounghyun.  "Just Follow Me":  A VR-based Motion Training System.  In Emerging Technologies 70, Conference Abstracts and Applications, SIGGRAPH 2001, p. 126.

Military Training

Distributed Mission Training:  Teams, Virtual Reality, and Real-Time Networking.  Communications of the ACM  vol. 42  no. 9  (September 1999), 64-94.

Virtual Reality Helps Train Those Who Wear Hard Hats.  Poptronics  vol. 3  no. 10 (October 2002), p. 8-9.

Alluisi, Earl A.  Network and Virtual-World Technologies for Training.  In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, vol. 2, p. 1405-1406.  Santa Monica, California:  Human Factors Society, 1990.

Alluisi, Earl A.  The Development of Technology for Collective Training:  SIMNET, A Case History.  Human Factors vol. 33  no. 3  (June 1991), p. 343-362.

Andrews, Dee H.; Dineen, Toni; and Bell, Herbert H.  The Use of Constructive Modeling and Virtual Simulation in Large-Scale Team Training:  A Military Case Study.  Educational Technology  vol. 39  no. 1  (January/February 1999),  p.  24-28.

Bell, Herbert H.  The Effectiveness of Distributed Mission Training.  Communications of the ACM  vol. 42  no. 9  (September 1999), p. 72-78.

Bessemer, D. W.  Transfer of SIMNET Training in the Armor Officer Basic Course.  ARI Technical Report No. 120.  Alexandria, Virginia:  U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1991.

Calvin, J.; Dickens, A.; Gaines, B.; Metzger, P.; Miller, D.; and Owen, D.  The SIMNET Virtual Worlds Architecture.  In Proceedings of IEEE 1993 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, VRAIS '93, p. 450-455.  Piscataway, New Jersey:  IEEE Service Center, 1993.

Dovey, Michael E.  Virtual Reality:  Training in the 21st Century.  Marine Corps Gazette  vol. 78  no. 7  (July 1994), p. 23-25.

Gembicki, Mark, and Rousseau, David.  Naval Applications of Virtual Reality.  Virtual Reality 93 Special Report, p. 67-72.  Published by  AI Expert (Miller Freeman Inc., 600 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.)  (Includes Navy training uses.)

Gilkey, R. H.   Use of Virtual Environment Training Technology for Individual Combat Simulation.  Final Report. (Report No. ADA2530368XSP.) Springfield, Virginia:  NTIS, 1992.

Goldberg, S.  Training Dismounted Soldiers in a Distributed Interactive Virtual Environment.  U. S. Army Research Institute Newsletter  vol. 14 (April 1994), p. 9-12.

Golgberg, S. L. and Knerr, B. W.  Collective Training in Virtual Environments:  Exploring Performance Requirements for Dismounted Soldier Simulation.  In R. J. Siedel and Pr. R. Chatelier, eds.,  Virtual Reality.  Training's Future?  Perspectives on Virtual Reality and Related Emerging Technologies, p. 41-51.  New York:  Plenum Press, 1997.

Greenfield, Richard P.  Naval VR Flight Simulator.  Virtual Reality Special Report  (Fall 1994), p. 61-64.

Hays, R. T., and Vincenzi, D. A.  Fleet Assessment of a Virtual Reality Training System.  Military Psychology  vol. 12  no. 3  (2000), p. 161-186.

Hriber, Dennis C.; May, David C.; and Probsdorfer, James A.  Virtual Environment Training: Auxiliary Machinery Room (AMR) Watchstation Trainer.  Journal of Instructional Delivery Systems  vol. 7  no. 2  (Spring 1993), p. 9-17.  (Training submarine crew.)

Johnston, Rob.  Military Training Research and Synthetic Environments.  CyberEdge Journal  vol. 5  no. 3  (September/October 1995), p. 14-16.

Lampton, D. R.; Parsons, J.; McDonald, D. P.; Rodriguiz, M. E.; and Cotton, J. E.  Instructional Strategies for Training Dismounted Infantry in Virtual Environments.  Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training Systems and Education Conference, p. 337-349.

Levinson, W. H., and Pew, R. W.  Use of Virtual Environment Training Technology for Individual Combat Simulation.  Final  Report.  (Report No. ADA2635464XSP.)  Cambridge, Massachusetts:  BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation, 1993.

Loftin. R. Bowen.  Training for Peacekeeping Operations in Virtual Environments.  In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Working Group, The Technical Cooperation Program, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, May 8, 2000.

Macedonia, Michael.  Games Soldiers Play:  Computer Games and Virtual Reality Are Radically Altering the Way the Military Prepares for War.  IEEE Spectrum  vol. 39  no. 3  (March 2002), p. 32+.

Mastaglio, Thomas W., and Callahan, Robert.  A Large-Scale Complex Virtual Environment for Team Training.  Computer  vol. 28  no 7  (July 1995), p. 49-56.  (Military training system using distributed interactive simulation - DIS.)

McDonough, James.  Doorways to the Virtual Battlefield.  In Sandra K. Helsel, ed., VR Becomes a Business.  Proceedings of Virtual Reality '92, San Jose, September 1992, p. 104-114. Westport, Connecticut:  Meckler Corporation, 1993.  (Military training; SIMNET, distributed interactive simulation.)

Moshell, Michael.  Virtual Environments in the US Military.  Computer vol. 26  (February 1993), p. 81-82.

Moshell, Michael; Blau, Brian; and Dunn-Roberts, Richard.  Virtual Environments for Military Training:  SIMNET, Ender's Game, and Beyond.  Virtual Reality World  vol. 1  no. 2  (Summer 1993), p. v-ad.  (Virtual Reality World was an insert in Multimedia Review.)

Moshell, J. Michael; Dunn-Roberts, Richard; and Goldiez, Brian.  SIMNET and Ender's Game:  Military Training in Cyberspace (abstract).  Collected Abstracts from the First Conference on Cyberspace, Austin, May 4-5, 1990, p. 69-70.  Austin, Texas:  School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin.

Nugent, William R.  Virtual Reality:  Advanced Imaging Special Effects Let You Roam in Cyberspace.  Journal of the American Society for Information Science vol. 42  no. 8  (September 1991), p. 609-617.  (Includes military simulation trainers.)

Orlansky, J., and Thorp, J.  SIMNET - An Engagement Training System for Tactical Warfare.  Journal of Defense Research  vol. 20  no. 2 (1991), p. 774-783.

Peppler, Philipp W., and Stephens, Steve.  Image Generation Systems in Virtual Training Platforms.  Communications of the ACM  vol. 42  no. 9  (September 1999), p. 85-88.

United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.  Virtual Reality and Technologies for Combat Simulation.  Background Paper.  OTA-BP-ISS-136.  Washington, DC:  U. S. Government Printing Office, September 1994.  (Was available on the Internet by anonymous ftp from OTA's ftp server, in ftp://otabbs.ota.gov/pub/vr.military/  The file ftp://otabbs.ota.gov/pub/vr.military/references.txt lists references, many of them available online by ftp or http.)

Text-based Virtual Reality

MOOving Around the Net:  The Educational Potential of MOOs.  Includes:   "MOOving around the Net:  The Educational Potential of MOOs:  A Point of View" (Daniel Ingvarson); "MOOing in a Foreign Language:  How, Why and Who?" (Lonnie Turbee) and "MOOving around the Net:  Real to Virtual and Back Again" (Ken Eustace).  In Proceedings of the ITEC Virtual Conference: A Meeting of the Minds (Australia, 1996).  (1996).  22 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED417765)

Bennahum, David.  Fly Me to the MOO:  Adventures in Textual Reality.  Lingua Franca  (May-June 1994), p. 21-26, 28-36.  (General, higher education examples of MUD, MUSH, and MOO applications.)

Bruckman, Amy.  Programming for Fun:  MUDs as a Context for Collaborative Learning.  (Paper presented at the National Educational Computing Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, June 1994.)   (Was available on the Internet via anonymous ftp from media.mit.edu dir pub/asb/papers files necc94.{ps.Z, rtf.Z, txt} .Z = compressed. Use "uncompress" command. ps = postscript. rtf = rich text format (for any Microsoft product).)  (Case study illustrating MUDs as way to learn to program; MediaMOO.)

Bruckman, Amy.  Whole Learning:  Three Communities Meet in Cyberspace.  (Extended abstract of plenary address at Tenth Computers and Writing Conference, Columbia, Missouri, May 1994.)  (Was available on the Internet via anonymous ftp from media.mit.edu dir pub/asb/papers file cwc94.txt)  (Connections between research in computers and writing, constructionism, and whole language.)

Bruckman, Amy and Resnick, Mitchel.  Virtual Professional Community, Results from the MediaMOO Project.  (Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Cyberspace (3Cybercon), Austin, Texas, May 1993.)    (Was available on the Internet via anonymous ftp from media.mit.edu dirpub/asb/papers files MediaMOO-3cyberconf.{ps.Z, rtf.Z, txt} .Z = compressed. Use "uncompress" command. ps = postscript. rtf = rich text format (for any Microsoft product). )  (Experiences with MediaMOO, a text-based, networked, VR environment founded by Bruckman, and value of constructionist principles to VR design.)

Falsetti, Julie.  What the Heck is a MOO?  And What's the Story with All Those Cows?  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (29th, Long Beach, California, March 26-April 1, 1995).  (1995)  7 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED389222)

Furst-Bowe, Julie.  MOOs for Teaching and Learning.  TechTrends  vol. 41 no. 6  (November/December 1996), p. 3-5.

Guernsey, Lisa.  College 'MOOs' Foster Creativity and Collaboration Among Users.  The Chronicle of Higher Education  (February 9, 1996), A24-A25.

Haynes, Cynthia, and Holmevik, Jan Rune, eds.  High Wired:  On the Design, Use and Theory of Educational MOOs.  Ann Arbor, Michigan:  The University of Michigan Press, 1998.  342 p.  Includes:  "Foreword"  (Sherry Turkle),
"Introduction"  (editors),
"Finding One's Own in Cyberspace" (Amy Bruckman)
"Not Just a Game: How LambdaMOO Came To Exist and What It Did To Get Back at Me" (Pavel Curtis),
"How To MOO without Making a Sound: A Guide to the Virtual Communities Known as MOOs" (Jorge R. Barrios and Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs),
"MOO Educational Tools" (Ken Scheweller)
"Taking the MOO by the Horns: How To Design, Set Up, and Manage an Educational MOO" (Jan Rune Holmevik and Mark Blanchard), "Day-To-Day MOO Administration and How To Survive It" (Shawn P. Wilbur),
"HELP! There's a MOO in this Class!" (Cynthia Haynes),
"At Home in the MUD:  Writing Centers Learn To Wallow" (Eric Crump),
"Defending Your Life in MOOspace: A Report from the Electronic Edge" (Dene Grigar and John F. Barber),
"The Play's the Thing: Theatricality and the MOO Environment" (Juli Burk),
"Bodies in Place: Real Politics, Real Pedagogy, and Virtual Space" (Beth Kolko),
"(Non)Fiction('s) Addition(s): A NarcoAnalysis of Virtual Worlds" (Diane Davis),
"Of MOOs, Folds, and Non-Reactionary Virtual Communities" (Victor J. Vitanza),
"Songs of Thy Selves: Persistence, Momentariness, Recurrence and the MOO" (Michael Joyce)
"MOO Central: Educational, Professional, and Experimental MOOs on the Internet" (Jeffrey R. Galin).

Holkner, Bernard.  EdMOO:  One Approach to a Multimedia Collaborative Environment.  In Learning Technologies: Prospects and Pathways.  Selected papers from EdTech '96 Biennial Conference of the Australian Society for Educational Technology (Melbourne, Australia, July 7-10, 1996). (1996)  7 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED396728)

Holmevik, Jan Rune, and Haynes, Cynthia.  MOOniversity; A Student's Guide to Online Learning Environments.  Needham Heights, MA:  Allyn & Bacon, 2000.  170 p.

LaRoe, R. John.   "Mooving" to a Virtual Curriculum.  In Association of Small Computer Users in Education (ASCUE) Summer Conference.  Proceedings (28th, North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, June 18-22, 1995).  (1995)  11 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.  ED387102)  (Use of Diversity University (DU) MOO in University of Missouri writing classes.)

Leone, John.  Text-Based VR:  Thoughts After Visiting Alaska (Virtually).   VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 3  (December 1995), p. 9.

Neville, Melvin K., and Riner, Reed D.  The Mars Course:  A Technological and Societal Simulation.  In David Hartman, ed., Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education, Pacific Southwest Section, 1993 Annual Meeting and Conference. 1993.  (Computer Science, Engineering, and Anthropology combined course at Northern Arizona University using simulation of Mars Colony and text-based VR (MUD).)

Parsons, Ann K., and Zenhausern, Bob.  GrassRoots, Catalyst for Change:  A FAQ.  VR in the Schools  vol. 2  no. 1  (June 1996), p. 15-17.

Riner, Reed D.  The NAU Solar System Simulation:  A Collegiate Bateson Project.  CONTACT Conferences Newsletter  (Winter 1993).  (Computer Science, Engineering, and Anthropology combined course at Northern Arizona University using simulation of Mars Colony, a technological and societal simulation and text-based VR (MUD).)

Riner, Reed D.  Virtual Ethics <- Virtual Reality.  Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 19-23, 1995, Washington, DC.   Available from Dr. Reed D. Riner, Professor, Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 USA.  Email rdr@dana.ucc.nau.edu (Ethical issues arising from student participation in a Mars simulation using a MUD.)

Riner, Reed and Clodius, Jennifer.  Simulating Future Histories:  The NAU Solar System Simulation and Mars Settlement.  Anthropology and Education Quarterly (Spring 1995).

Schwienhorst, Klaus.   Evaluating Tandem Language Learning in the MOO:  Discourse Repair Strategies in a Bilingual Internet Project.  Computer-Assisted Language Learning  vol. 15  no. 2  (2002), 135-146.

Schwienhorst, Klaus.  Native-Speaker/Non-Native Speaker Discourse in the MOO:  Participation and Engagement in a Synchronous Text-Based Environment.  Computer-Assisted Language Learning  vol. 17  no. 1  (2004), 35-50.

Schwienhorst, Klaus.  Virtual Environments and Synchronous Communication:  Collaborative Language Learning in Object-Oriented Multiple-User Domains (MOOs).  In D. Little and B. Voss, eds., Language Centres:  Planning for the New Millenium, p. 126-144.  Plymouth: CERCLES, 1997.

Turbee, Lonnie.  Educational MOO:  Text-Based Virtual Reality for Learning in Community.  ERIC Digest. (1997)  4 p.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED404987)

Turbee, Lonnie.  Mundo Hispano.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 2  (September 1995), p. 8.

Woods, Judy C.  EduMOOs:  Virtual Learning Centers.  Technology Connection  vol. 5  no. 2  (April 1998), p. 24-25.

Young, Jeffrey R.  MOO's, the Old Chat Rooms, Are Updated for Distance Education.  The Chronicle of Higher Education  vol. 47  no. 11  (November 10, 2000).

Zenhausern, Bob.  Grassroots, A New Educational MOO.  VR in the Schools  vol. 1  no. 2  (September 1995), p. 7.
 

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Last updated April 9, 2009

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Copyright © 1991-2009, Veronica S. Pantelidis.  All rights reserved.

Dr. Veronica S. Pantelidis, Professor, Department of Library Science,
College of Education, Greenville, North Carolina 27858  USA
Email:  pantelidisv@ecu.edu

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